山东省2005～2007年流脑疫情病原学监测及分析

目的:分析山东省2005/2006年度(2005年10月～2006年9月)、2006/2007年度(2006年10月～2007年9月)流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)疫情病原学监测结果,了解脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)菌群分布、变异状况及耐药性特征.方法:对2005/2006、2006/2007年度流脑病例脑脊液和密切接触者咽拭子标本,用Nm双抗培养基分离培养,进行生化试验、血清学鉴定、乳胶凝集试验及药物敏感性监测.结果:2005/2006年度共培养鉴定出Nm C群13株,A群3株;2006/2007年度共培养鉴定出C群3株,A群1株.A群和C群表现出不同的耐药特征.结论:山东省2005～2007年的流脑疫情以C群为主,应密切注意C群流脑扩散趋势,进一步加强流脑病原学及Nm耐药特征监测.     

脑膜炎奈瑟菌对12种抗菌药物体外敏感性检测

目的了解目前我国不同血清群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Nm)菌株药物敏感性。方法采用肉汤稀释法,对我国126株A群、C群Nm菌株进行体外12种抗菌药物敏感性检测。结果53.8%(14/26)A群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病人菌株、50.0%(10/20)C群流脑病人菌株对环丙沙星耐药;92.3%(23/26)A群流脑病人菌株、85.0%(17/20)C群流脑病人菌株、78.8%(63/80)健康人群携带C群菌株对左氧氟沙星耐药;23.1%(6/26)A群流脑病人菌株、100%C群流脑病人菌株、82.5%(66/80)健康人群携带C群菌株对复方新诺明耐药。并且发现耐多种抗菌药物的Nm菌株。结论A群、C群Nm菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明等药物普遍耐药。流脑病人菌株、健康携带者菌株可表现出不同的耐药性特征,在选择抗菌药物进行流脑病人治疗以及流脑流行季节人群预防性服药时,应分别对流脑病人、健康人群菌株进行药物敏感性监测,以提高药物治疗、预防性服药的敏感性和针对性。     

浙江省2005～2007年流行性脑脊髓膜炎病原学监测及分子分型研究

目的 对浙江省2005～2007年流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病原学监测结果进行分析,了解脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria Meningitidis,Nm)的菌群分布、变迁、耐药状况及分子分型特征.方法 常规方法做表型鉴定,聚合酶链反应(PCR)特异性引物扩增,脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)参考中国疾病预防控制中心(CDC)传染病预防控制所推荐的方法进行,药物敏感试验参考美国临床和实验室标准机构(CLSI-2007)制定的标准进行.结果 116株疑似Nm的血清群构成比分别为:A群52.58%,B群15.52%,C群31.90%;从病人分离的49株中,A群占61.23%,C群占32.65%,而B群仅占6.12%.菌株对环丙沙星、奈啶酸、甲氧苄氨嘧啶产生不同程度耐药,但对青霉素、氨苄西林、美罗培南、氯霉素敏感,分离自不同人群的血清群菌株的耐药性有一定差异.PFGE酶切图谱及聚类分析发现,相同血清群的病人和其密切接触者的分离菌株的PFGE酶切图谱相似度达100%,属同一克隆系;A群和C群菌株的PFGE酶切图谱相似度相对较高,亲缘关系较近,分别有一定相关性,各存在一紧密相关的流行克隆群;B群菌株PFGE酶切图谱呈现较高的多态性.结论 浙江省Nm流行菌群正在发生变迁,目前仍以A群为主,但C群是近年来新出现的主要致病血清群.分子分型结果也显示,浙江省存在优势克隆群的A群和C群主要流行菌株.青霉素、氨苄西林、美罗培南、氯霉素类仍可作为浙江省治疗流脑的首选药物.鉴于多数人群对C群Nm缺乏免疫力,以及C群流脑的高病死率,应密切关注C群流脑的发生,以防C群流脑的爆发或流行.     

中国流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行菌群变化趋势分析

目的研究中国(未包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾地区,下同)流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)流行菌群的变迁趋势。方法对中国1956~2006年分离的1 819株流脑菌株的血清群构成进行分析。结果1956~2002年的922株流脑菌株中,A群占69.20%,B群占27.55%,C群占0.97%,其它群2.28%。2003~2006年的897株流脑菌株中,A群占35.90%,B群占29.21%,C群占23.97%,其它群占10.92%。C群流脑病人来源菌株比例由0.88%上升至48.67%,A群流脑病例菌株比例由80.4%下降至50.44%。健康人群鼻咽部携带C群流脑菌株比例由1.07%上升至20.41%,A群由58.33%下降至33.80%。结论中国流脑病人及健康人群携带菌株中,C群流脑菌株的比例呈上升趋势,流脑流行菌群正在发生从A群到C群的变化。     

山东省2007/2008年度流行性脑脊髓膜炎病原学监测结果分析

目的分析山东省2007/2008年度(2007年10月～2008年9月)流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)疫情及健康人群带菌调查结果,了解脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria Meningitides,Nm)菌群分布、变异状况及耐药特征。方法用Nm双抗培养基,对采集的脑脊液及咽拭子标本进行分离培养、鉴定及药物敏感性试验。脑脊液及血清标本辅以实时荧光定量聚合酶链反应检测。结果2007/2008年度,从流脑病例及接触者分离到Nm7株,其中B群3株,C群4株。健康人群2323人中带菌者44人,带菌率1.89%;其中A群11株(占25.00%),B群16株(36.36%),C群4株(9.09%),其它血清群13株(29.55%)。以15～19岁带菌率最高,为5.74%;性别、地区间差异均无统计学意义。A、B、C群Nm表现不同耐药特征。结论目前流脑疫情以C、B群为主,健康人群带菌以B群为主,其次为A、C群。应在以预防接种为主的综合措施基础上,继续加强流脑病原学及耐药特征监测。     

广东省2004年流脑监测结果分析

目的了解广东省流脑流行特征的变化,预测流脑发病的趋势,为合理地制定有效的预防措施提供依据。方法2004年对全省各县、市进行流脑流行病学监测。选择广州、湛江、韶关及东莞4个市作为流脑重点监测点,在流脑流行前期(10~11月)各监测点按流脑监测方案采集市内0~、5~、10~、15~、25~、35~及45岁以上共7个年龄组人群的咽拭子进行健康人群带菌调查。同时对2004年广东省发生的一起流脑局部暴发疫情进行深入调查。结果2004年4个监测点健康人群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(简称Nm)的带菌率为0.75%(14/1876),健康人带菌以B群Nm为主。全省共报告流脑27例,死亡1例。2004年3月广东省发生一起由C群Nm引起的暴发疫情,共发病3例,调查发现患者密切接触者、发病分厂的外来工及相邻厂外来工总的Nm带菌率高达13.1%(14/107),检出B群、C群及1892群Nm,未检出A群Nm。用Epsilometertest法对所分离到的15株各群Nm菌株进行药物敏感试验,发现所有菌株均对青霉素及氯霉素敏感,对甲氧苄氨耐药。结论广东省流脑发病以散发为主,健康人群Nm的带菌率很低,但流行菌群发生变化。今后要加强流脑的病原学检测,并适当对流脑预防控制措施作相应调整,一旦发生C群流脑疫情,应对重点人群应急接种A+C流脑多糖疫苗,对密切接触者选择敏感的药物进行预防性服药。     

山东省首例X群流行性脑脊髓膜炎病例流行病学调查和病原学鉴定北大核心

目的对山东省1例X群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病例进行流行病学调查和病原学鉴定。方法开展病例流行病学调查,采集病例血液和脑脊液标本及其密切接触者咽拭子标本进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitides,Nm)分离培养和血清群鉴定,对菌株进行外膜蛋白porA、fetA基因分型和多位点序列分型以及抗生素敏感性试验。结果该病例为5岁男童,曾接种A群和A群C群脑膜炎球菌疫苗,无流脑病例接触史。病例及其密切接触者标本均检出X群Nm,属ST-7型和ST-5克隆群;菌株的porA基因VR1区为新基因型,VR2为9型,VR3为35-1型,fetA基因为F3-1型;菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明耐药。结论该病例为山东省报告的首例X群流脑病例,菌株外膜蛋白porA基因发生变异且菌株耐药性强;提示X群流脑有流行风险,应加强流脑病原学监测。     

山东省首例X群流行性脑脊髓膜炎病例流行病学调查和病原学鉴定

目的对山东省1例X群流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)病例进行流行病学调查和病原学鉴定。方法开展病例流行病学调查,采集病例血液和脑脊液标本及其密切接触者咽拭子标本进行脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitides, Nm)分离培养和血清群鉴定,对菌株进行外膜蛋白porA、fetA基因分型和多位点序列分型以及抗生素敏感性试验。结果该病例为5岁男童,曾接种A群和A群C群脑膜炎球菌疫苗,无流脑病例接触史。病例及其密切接触者标本均检出X群Nm,属ST-7型和ST-5克隆群;菌株的porA基因VR1区为新基因型,VR2为9型,VR3为35-1型,fetA基因为F3-1型;菌株对环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和复方新诺明耐药。结论该病例为山东省报告的首例X群流脑病例,菌株外膜蛋白porA基因发生变异且菌株耐药性强;提示X群流脑有流行风险,应加强流脑病原学监测。     

山东省2006/2007年度流行性脑脊髓膜炎流行病学分析

目的 了解山东省2006/2007年度(2006年10月～2007年9月)流行性脑脊髓膜炎(流脑)流行病学特征,为预防控制流脑提供依据.方法 对网络直报的流脑疫情采用描述流行病学分析及实验室检测.结果 山东省2006/2007年度流脑发病34例,发病率0.037/10万,比2005/2006年度(2005年10月～2006年9月)减少45.16%;死亡6例.同比减少40.00%.病例分布在12个设区的市;1～4月病例数占总病例数的65.62%;≤29岁病例数占总病例数的94.11%;在1个市1所学校发生聚集性流脑疫情.在流脑病例中分别检测出A、C群脑膜炎奈瑟菌(Neisseria meningitidis,Nm)1株和3株;在健康人群中检测出A、C群Nm各3株.结论 应采取以接种脑膜炎球菌多糖疫苗为主的综合性预防措施,开展流脑病例、健康人群流脑带菌和抗体水平监测.     

滁州市2004~2005年C群流脑流行特征分析

目的研究滁州市C群流脑的流行特征与控制措施,为今后C群流脑防控工作提供科学依据。方法对2004~2005年度流脑个案调查、实验室检测结果进行分析。结果28例流脑患者中检出5例C群Nm,病例的密切接触者中检出4株C群Nm;在地区分布中,南谯区乌衣镇中学发生5例C群流脑为局部爆发,其余为散发病例;病倒中学生占71.42%,10~20岁年龄组占71.42%;有A群流脑疫苗免疫史占82.14%,有5例流脑A C二价疫苗免疫失败。结论C群流脑病例来势凶猛,病程进展快,病死率高;接种A群流脑疫苗不能阻止C群流脑流行;为防止发病控制疫情扩散,应对20岁以下人群和在校的大、中专学生等易感群体提供免疫保护。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.