Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症

[目的]观察Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的临床效果.[方法]从2002年12月～2007年6月治疗先天性高肩胛症21例,男14例,女7例;手术年龄平均6岁,最小2岁,最大15岁,肩胛骨平均高于对侧3cm.10例并发其他系统畸形,以脊柱、肋骨畸形为多.均采用Woodward术式治疗.[结果]所有病例均获成功随访.平均随访2年6个月(6个月～4年).术后平均肩外展上举增加50°,肩胛骨下移3 cm.所有病例无1例合并臂丛神经损伤.[结论]Woodward术式操作简便,损伤小,术后外观和功能改善满意,是治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的一种较好的术式.     

Woodward手术治疗先天性高肩胛症27例体会

[目的]观察Woodward术式治疗先天性高肩胛症的临床效果.[方法]从2001年2月～2008年3月治疗先天性高肩胛症27例,男17例,女10例;年龄3～9岁,平均4.1岁.左侧11例,右侧16例,均采用Woodward术式治疗.[结果]所有病例均获1～4年随访(平均1年2个月),1例出现臂丛神经损伤,后恢复正常,术后肩部外观明显改善,肩胛骨下角下移2个肋间隙19例,下移1个肋间隙8例,术后肩关节各方向活动功能均有不同程度改进,上举由术前平均95°,提高到145°,外展由术前平均68°,提高到81°.[结论]Woodward术式治疗先天性高肩胛症效果良好,但仍需精细操作,术后配合持久、正确的功能锻炼.     

Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症

目的：观察Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的临床效果。方法：从2002年12月至2007年6月治疗先天性高肩胛症21例，男14例，女7例。手术年龄平均6岁，最小2岁，最大15岁，肩胛骨平均高于对侧3cm。10例并发其他系统畸形，以脊柱、肋骨畸形为多。均采用Woodward术式治疗。结果：所有病例均获成功随访。平均随访2年6月（6月至4年）。术后平均肩外展上举增加50°，肩胛骨下移3cm。所有病例无一例合并臂丛神经损伤。结论：Woodward术式操作简便，损伤小，术后外观和功能改善满意，是治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的一种较好的术式。     

螺旋CT和三维重建技术在三踝骨折治疗中的应用

[目的]探讨螺旋CT三维重建技术在三踝骨折中的临床应用意义.[方法]回顾性分析1999～2004年56例三踝骨折病例,手术前均行X线正侧位摄片,螺旋CT的扫描参数为厚层2～5 mm,床速3～5 mm,重建间距1.5～3 mm,而后行螺旋CT三维重建技术并与手术对照.[结果]所有病例螺旋CT三维重建技术明确的显示了骨折的具体情况,螺旋CT三维重建在骨折的分型和碎骨块的描述上较平片优越,与手术中所见相一致.[结论]螺旋CT三维重建能够更为精确的显示三踝骨折的具体情况,对术前治疗方法的选择具有重要的指导意义.     

上肢

臂丛神经血管受压征13例手术治疗的随访；螺旋CT三维重建成像在先天性高肩胛症手术方式选择中的作用；双柱固定治疗肱骨远端骨折；成人肱骨髁间粉碎性骨折的内固定治疗；尺骨近端截骨治疗少年陈旧性单纯桡骨头脱位     

Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症

目的：观察Woodward术式治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的临床效果。方法：从2002年12月至2007年6月治疗先天性高肩胛症21例,男14例,女7例。手术年龄平均6岁,最小2岁,最大15岁,肩胛骨平均高于对侧3cm。10例并发其他系统畸形,以脊柱、肋骨畸形为多。均采用Woodward术式治疗。结果：所有病例均获成功随访。平均随访2年6月（6月至4年）。术后平均肩外展上举增加50。,肩胛骨下移3cm。所有病例无一例合并臂丛神经损伤。结论：Woodward术式操作简便,损伤小,术后外观和功能改善满意,是治疗儿童先天性高肩胛症的一种较好的术式。     

多层螺旋CT和MRI测量肩胛盂斜倾角的互补性初探

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT(MSCT)多平面重组(MPR)及MRI测量肩胛盂斜倾角的互补性.方法 收集成人肩胛骨干标本22侧及肩关节防腐湿标本24侧,用16层螺旋CT扫描仪扫描,多平面重组重建肩胛骨并测量肩胛盂斜倾角,得数据A组.收集MRI检查正常的肩关节病例50侧,取其斜冠状位T1WI显示肩锁关节的层面测量肩胛盂斜倾角,得数据B组.进行统计学处理.结果 肩胛盂斜倾角最小值91.10°,最大值118.50°,A、B 2组肩胛盂斜倾角数据分别为101.14°±4.66°和104.05°±7.72°.2种测量方法肩胛盂斜倾角值统计学上有显著性差异(P＜0.05).结论 MSCT的MPR法测量肩胛盂斜倾角与MRI测量值不同,前者略小于后者;MSCT和MRI 2种测量肩胛盂斜倾角方法结合具有重要的应用价值.     

多层螺旋CT多平面重建及三维重建在肩胛骨骨折中的应用

目的 探讨多层螺旋CT（Multi-slice Spiral CT，MSCT）多平面重建和三维重建技术在肩胛骨骨折中的应用及临床价值。方法 26例肩胛骨骨折病人行MSCT扫描，图像经工作站处理后进行多平面重建和三维重建，由三位有经验的放射科医师共同阅片分析，统一评定。结果 本组26例均可以通过多平面重建和三维重建明确判断骨折情况。其中发现肩胛骨体部骨折18处，肩胛颈骨折8处，盂缘骨折9处，盂窝骨折5处，肩峰骨折11处，肩胛冈骨折4处，喙突骨折3处；同时合并肩关节脱位6例，合并锁骨骨折7例，合并多发肋骨骨折13例。多平面重建可多方位更全面地显示肩胛骨骨折的情况。三维重建能立体形象地显示肩胛骨骨折的范围和方向。结论 多层螺旋CT多平面重建及三维重建技术能清晰、直观地显示肩胛骨骨折情况。有利于临床诊断及治疗方案的确定。     

螺旋CT三维重建脊柱的临床意义和应用前景

目的：探讨螺旋CT扫描和三维重建在脊柱病变中的临床应用价值。方法：对12例脊柱疾病患者进行螺旋CT扫描和三维重建。结果：腰椎间盘突出症和椎管狭窄症3例，脊柱骨折5例，侧弯畸形2例，肿瘤2例，均得到正确诊治。结论：螺旋CT扫描及三维重建技术可广泛应用于脊柱病变的诊断，能直观显示脊柱病变部位的形态。     

3D打印模型在先天性高肩胛症儿童治疗中的应用

目的观察3D打印双侧肩胛骨模型在先天性高肩胛症儿童治疗中的应用。方法从2011年4月至2016年2月我科治疗先天性高肩胛症儿童10例,男3例,女7例;左侧4例,右侧6例。按照Cavendish分级,Ⅱ级2例,Ⅲ级6例,Ⅳ级2例。8例儿童在术前行双侧肩胛骨3D打印模型,2例儿童行双侧肩胛骨并锁骨、颈椎、胸廓全打印。所有儿童均行Woodward手术治疗。结果 10例患者中6例术前患侧肩胛骨形态学有明显改变,4例大体形态正常。4例有肩椎骨。术后随访6个月至5年10个月。术后按照Cavendish分级,Ⅰ级6例,Ⅱ级4例。6例随访时再次进行3D打印模型,并与术前对比。肩胛骨的高度和宽度均增加,大体形态没有明显变化。结论 3D打印肩胛骨模型可以直观地显示患侧肩胛骨与正常侧的差别,有助于术前的手术设计。3D立体打印肩胛骨模型较单纯肩胛骨模型能在空间上直观地显示肩胛骨与周围骨骼的关系,对术前的手术设计更为有利。     

肩胛骨颈部骨折解剖钢板的设计制作与临床应用

[目的]通过对肩胛骨形态结构和肩胛骨骨折类型的研究,设计用于固定肩胛骨颈部骨折的解剖钢板。[方法]通过对肩胛骨形态结构和肩胛骨骨折类型的研究,先大概构想出一种用于固定肩胛骨颈部骨折的解剖钢板形状,得出需要测量的相关肩胛骨数据,然后对已知性别的成套成人男女各40副肩胛骨干燥标本进行测量和形态学研究,得到肩胛骨数据,将数据进行分析,根椐测量分析结果,制作生产出肩胛骨颈部解剖钢板,在肩胛骨颈部及体部骨折的患者中使用,术后随访,观察治疗效果。[结果]设计出的肩胛骨颈部解剖钢板临床应用7例患者,钢板服贴,固定牢固可靠,手术操作简便,手术时间短;经12～18个月的随访,治疗效果满意。[结论]肩胛骨颈部解剖钢板,设计合理,使用该钢板固定肩胛骨颈部骨折,固定牢固,有利于患者早期功能锻炼,防止并发症发生,促进骨折愈合;可以使手术操作简便,缩短手术时间,减少术中出血;临床治疗效果良好,可以推广使用。     

Direct 3-dimensional measurement of scapular kinematics during dynamic movements in vivo.

The purpose of this study was to describe 3-dimensional scapular motion patterns during dynamic shoulder movements with the use of a direct technique. Direct measurement of active scapular motion was accomplished by insertion of 2 1.6-mm bone pins into the spine of the scapula in 8 healthy volunteers (5 men, 3 women). A small, 3-dimensional motion sensor was rigidly fixed to the scapular pins. Sensors were also attached to the thoracic spine (T3) with tape and to the humerus with a specially designed cuff. During active scapular plane elevation, the scapula upwardly rotated (mean [SD] = 50 degrees [4.8 degrees ]), tilted posteriorly around a medial-lateral axis (30 degrees [13.0 degrees ]), and externally rotated around a vertical axis (24 degrees [12.8 degrees ]). Lowering of the arm resulted in a reversal of these motions in a slightly different pattern. The mean ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic motion was 1.7:1. Normal scapular motion consists of substantial rotations around 3 axes, not simply upward rotation. Understanding normal scapular motion may assist in the identification of abnormal motion associated with various shoulder disorders.     

肩胛骨骨折的内固定治疗

目的:探讨肩胛骨骨折的手术治疗方法。方法:本组肩胛骨骨折18例,男12例,女6例;年龄23~62岁,平均42岁。全部采用后入路肩胛外缘切口,如有肩胛冈骨折或肩峰骨折另作辅助切口,重建钢板内固定。结果:术后随访6~24个月,骨折平均愈合时间6~8周,按Hardegger肩关节评分系统评定疗效:优13例,良5例。无钢板断裂、松脱,骨折移位,骨不愈合,感染,再骨折,神经血管损伤等并发症发生。结论:采用后外侧缘切口内固定肩胛骨外侧缘、肩胛冈治疗肩胛骨骨折,具有创伤小、疗效好的优点。     

异形钢板的研制及其在肩胛骨骨折的应用

目的：设计一种用于治疗不稳定肩胛骨骨折的新型内固定钢板，并评价其近期疗效。方法：根据肩胛骨解剖特点以及对18例不稳定肩胛骨骨折患者的X线片和CT扫描及其手术观察，设计出适用于肩胛骨骨折内固定治疗的异形钢板。所有患者按Hardegger的骨折分型：肩胛骨体部骨折9例，外科颈骨折3例，解剖颈骨折1例，盂缘骨折3例，肩胛岗骨折2例。均行新型内固定钢板内固定。结果：18例均获随访，随访时间6～18个月，平均12个月。按Rowe评分系统评价术后功能：优14例，良3例，可1例。结论：本钢板设计合理，生物力学性能良好，适用于各型不稳定肩胛骨骨折。     

Spontaneous scapular spine fracture related to rotator cuff pathology: a report of two cases

Spontaneous fractures of the scapula are rare, especially those involving the scapular spine. There are only a few case reports addressing this topic. Two cases are presented of spontaneous scapular spine fractures in patients with cuff-tear arthropathy. Treatment was conservative, resulting in a stiff shoulder in both patients. The combination of oral steroids and cuff-tear arthropathy seems to have caused a spontaneous scapular spine fracture in these patients. Considering the risk of operative intervention in the elderly patient conservative treatment seems a reasonable alternative.     

The effect of long versus short pectoralis minor resting length on scapular kinematics in healthy individuals

STUDY DESIGN: Two-group comparison. OBJECTIVE: To compare scapular kinematics during arm elevation between groups distinguished by pectoralis minor resting length. BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that individuals with subacromial impingement have altered scapular kinematics, such as loss of posterior tipping and increased internal rotation. One proposed mechanism for these alterations is an adaptively short pectoralis minor. This anterior scapulothoracic muscle may impact normal scapular kinematics if adaptively short. METHODS AND MEASURES: Fifty volunteers without shoulder pain were divided into long or short groups according to normalized pectoralis minor resting length. An electromagnetic motion capture system determined the angular orientation of the scapula, humerus, and trunk during arm elevation in 3 separate planes. Groups were compared for 3-dimensional scapular orientation relative to the trunk at arm elevation angles of 30 degrees, 60 degrees, 90 degrees, and 120 degrees, using a mixed-model analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS: There were statistically significant interaction effects between group and arm elevation angle for scapular tipping in all planes of arm elevation, with the scapula for the short group staying anteriorly tipped at higher angles. There was also a significant interaction for scapular internal rotation at lower arm elevation angles in the coronal plane only, with individuals with a shorter pectoralis minor demonstrating a more internally rotated scapula. CONCLUSIONS: The group distinguished by a short pectoralis minor demonstrated scapular kinematics similar to the kinematics exhibited in earlier studies by subjects with shoulder impingement. These results support the theory that an adaptively short pectoralis minor may influence scapular kinematics and is therefore a potential mechanism for subacromial impingement.     

Pseudo-arthrosis of the spine of the scapula: a case report with a delayed diagnosis

Scapular spine fractures are rare injuries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a late-diagnosed scapular spine pseudo-arthrotic patient. Because of the surrounding soft tissue mass and overlapping of the scapula with the thoracal bones on a roentgenogram, diagnosis may be missed or delayed for years. We present a case of scapular spine pseudo-arthrosis in a 50-year-old man, who sustained a traffic accident 2 years ago. He was treated as a soft tissue injury of the left shoulder and later as a rotator cuff tear. His scapular spine fracture was diagnosed as pseudo-arthrosis of the scapular spine with a diagnostic delay of 2 years. Isolated scapular spine fractures are rare, usually associated with other injuries and frequently treated non-operatively. Sagging of the acromion as a result of a scapular spine fracture may mimic supraspinatus outlet impingement. If a painful pseudo-arthrosis limits the function of a shoulder, fractured ends should be fixed until union occurs. Although scapular spine fractures are rarely seen, they must take place in the differential diagnosis of impingement syndromes of the shoulder.     

改良Judet手术入路治疗复杂肩胛骨骨折

目的探讨改良Judet手术入路治疗复杂肩胛骨骨折的适应证及疗效。方法自1997年1月至2005年10月经改良Judet手术入路治疗肩胛骨骨折21例,其中男性15例,女性6例,平均年龄34岁（18～62岁）。根据Hardegger的分型方法,肩胛体部骨折11处、肩胛颈骨折10处、盂缘骨折8处、盂窝骨折7处、肩胛冈骨折9处、肩峰骨折6处。其中多部位复杂骨折15例,伴有腋神经损伤2例,肩胛上神经损伤4例。通过改良Judet手术入路,对不同类型的肩胛骨骨折使用重建钢板或拉力螺钉等固定。结果18例患者获得随访,随访时间6个月至4年,平均21个月。根据Rowe疗效评价标准,优12例,良3例,可2例,差1例,优良率为83％。结论改良Judet入路操作简单,暴露充分,大多数类型的肩胛骨骨折可通过改良Judet入路完成,尤其适用于肩胛体部骨折,肩胛颈骨折,肩胛冈骨折以及不存在喙突、前部肩胛盂骨折的多部位复杂骨折,经改良Judet入路行骨折复位内固定是肩胛骨骨折手术治疗的一种安全有效方法。     

The influence of three-dimensional scapular kinematics on arm elevation angle in healthy subjects

BackgroundWe often clinically observe individual differences in arm elevation angles, but the motion producing these differences remains unclear, partly because of the difficulty of accurately measuring scapular motion. The aim of this study was to determine whether the scapular or glenohumeral (GH) motion has more influence on differences in the arm elevation angles by capturing not only the humerus and scapula but also the trunk using two- (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) shape-matching registration techniques.MethodsFifteen healthy subjects (13 male and 2 female; mean age: 27.7 years) were instructed to elevate their arms in the sagittal, scapular, and coronal planes. They were divided into high and low groups based on the average of arm elevation angle measured by a goniometer. The 3D scapular, thoracohumeral, and glenohumeral motions were evaluated using 2D/3D single-plane registration. To compare 3D motions between groups, we performed a two-way repeated measures analysis of variance.ResultsEight subjects were assigned to the high group, while seven subjects were assigned to the low groups based on an average elevation angle of 172°. The low group demonstrated a significant larger scapular protraction during elevation in all planes (P = 0.0002 for flexion; P = 0.0047 for scaption; P = 0.0314 for abduction), and smaller posterior tilting only during flexion (P = 0.0157). No significant differences occurred in scapular upward rotations or the glenohumeral positions and rotations.ConclusionsThis study revealed that insufficient scapular retraction and posterior tilting results in lower arm elevation angles, suggesting that improving the flexibility and activation of muscles surrounding the scapula may be important to achieve complete arm elevation.     

浮肩损伤手术治疗的内固定策略

目的 探讨手术治疗浮肩损伤的适应证、复位顺序、内固定方法及其疗效.方法 2000年1月至2008年1月.采用切开复位内固定治疗浮肩损伤患者19例,男13例,女6例,平均年龄31.6(18～62)岁;肩胛颈骨折合并锁骨骨折18例,肩胛颈骨折合并肩锁关节脱位1例.全部采用内固定治疗.取浮动侧卧位,先将患者体位向后浮动,变为侧仰卧位,复位固定锁骨后,X线透视检查锁骨及肩胛骨,如果此时肩胛骨也已复位,可以考虑仅固定锁骨即可而不必再内固定肩胛骨.如果肩胛骨未复位,或复位后不稳定,则将体位向前旋转变为侧俯卧位,取后路复位并固定肩胛颁,若存在肩胛骨等其他部位的肩胛骨骨折,应考虑同时复位固定.如果锁骨骨折无明显移位,则仅采用后入路复位固定肩胛骨.本组中肩胛骨与锁骨同时固定13例,单纯肩胛骨同定2例,单纯锁骨固定3例,1例合并肩锁关节脱位者采用张力带固定并行韧带修复.结果 17例患者获得随访,随访时间10个月～4年,平均26个月.骨折均获得临床愈合,平均愈合时间11.8(8～16)周.肩关节功能根据Rowe疗效评价标准,优11例,良4例,可2例,优良牢为88.2%.结论 切开复位内固定是治疗浮肩损伤的有效方法,但应根据骨折类型及移位程度选择复位顺序与固定方法.浮肩损伤大多须将两处骨折同时固定,以便于早期进行功能锻炼.手术时先复位固定锁骨后复位固定肩胛骨有利于手术完成,减小手术创伤.