奈替米星体液浓度测定的方法研究

通过对国产硫酸奈替米星注射后人体血尿中药物浓度测定，建立了奈替米星体液浓度测定的微生物法，该方法的检测限为０．０３７５－０．０７５１μｇ，低检测浓度为０．２５－０．５μｇ／ｍｌ，回收率为８８．８％±３．６３％－９８％±１４．４０％，重复性试验相对标准差为２．２２％－５．３４％；并对１０例健康受试者用药后血标本１００余份进行了微生物法测定和高压液相色谱法测定，对两种方法测定结果的比较发现：微生物法测     

高效液相色谱法和微生物法测定人血浆中头孢克罗浓度的比较

目的：比较ＨＰＬＣ法和微生物法测定头孢克罗血药浓度。方法：８名健康志愿者单剂量口服７５０ｍｇ头孢克罗胶囊,分别用ＨＰＬＣ法和微生物法测定血浆中药物浓度。结果：ＨＰＬＣ法线性范围为０．２５～２５．０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,回收率为（９３．６～１０５．７）％,日内间ＲＳＤ分别为（３．１２～８．９７）％和（３．１３～１０．６６）％;微生物法线性范围为０．１～２．０μｇ．ｍｌ＾－１,回收率为（９２．６～９９．１     

头孢拉定对奈替米星药代动力学的影响

目的 观察头孢拉定对奈替米星药代动力学的影响。方法１４例感染患者随机分成单用奈替米星组（ＮＴＭ）和奈替米星＋头孢拉定组（ＮＴＭ＋ＣＰＲ）。采用高效液相色谱一间接光度检测（ＨＰＬＣ－ＩＰＤ）法，测定患者单剂量静脉滴注 ５ ｍｇ ＮＴＭ后的血清药物浓度，并计算主要药动学参数；同时测定尿液药物浓度及药物回收率。结果ＮＴＭ组和ＮＴＭ＋ＣＰＲ组的Ｔ１／１／２β分别为２．４０±１．０１ｈ和 ４．３３± １．４３ｈ（Ｐ＜ ０．０１），ＡＵＣ０～２４ｈ６３．４２± ３０．００ｍｇ／Ｌ·ｈ和 ７８．５４± ３２．８８ｍｇ／Ｌ·ｈ（ｐ＜ ０．０ １），２４ｈ尿中 ＮＴＭ Ｗ收率也有显著性差异。结论 ＮＴＭ＋ＣＰＲ联用时 ＮＴＭ生物利用度增高，尿中回收率下降，连续长期联用将导致体内蓄积。     

阿普唑仑血药浓度的反相HPLC测定法及其药物动力学研究

用反相ＨＰＬＣ法测定血清中的阿普唑仑，平均回收率为９８．３９％，日内和日间平均变异系数分别为４．３％和４．６％，最低检出浓度为５ｎｇ／ｍｌ，线性范围０．０１～５０μｇ／ｍｌ（ｒ＝０．９９９５）。还研究了本品在小鼠体内的药物动力学。     

替硝唑片剂的HPLC和UV测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ和ＵＶ法测定替硝唑片剂的含量，其线性范围和平均回收率分别为：ＨＰＬＣ法６０～１００．μｇ／ｍｌ，９９．５６％（ＲＳＤ０．８８％）；ＵＶ法５～２５μｇ／ｍｌ，９９．７０％（ＲＳＤ０．５４％）。方法准确可靠。     

反相高效液相色谱法测定5-氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度

目的：研究５－氨基水杨酸及其代谢物在人血浆及尿中的浓度。方法：反相高效液相色谱法（ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ）为测定方法。结果：血浆测定两者线性范围均为０．０８～８．００μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度均为０．０４μｇ·ｍｌ－１，两者平均回收率分别为８７．９３％，９１．４８％，日内ＲＳＤ分别为６．０４％，５．５１％，日间ＲＳＤ分别为７．９８％，４．４３％。５－氨基水杨酸尿浓度测定线性范围为０．５～１０μｇ·ｍｌ－１，最低检出浓度为０．２５μｇ·ｍｌ－１，平均回收率为１０１．８３％，日内ＲＳＤ为１．５７％，日间ＲＳＤ为２．６４％。结论：该测定方法快速，简便，灵敏     

HPLC法测定头孢哌酮的血药浓度

用ＨＰＬＣ法测定头孢哌酮血药浓度。药物浓度（Ｃ）在４．３２￣４１０．３μｇ／ｍｌ范围内，与药物、内标峰面积比呈良好线性关系，Ｃ＝－６６．５５４８＋２９４．７３５５ Ａ０／Ａｉ，ｒ＝０．９９９７（ｎ＝８）。方法平均回收率为１００．１５％，日内及日间ＲＳＤ均小于５％。本方法简便、快速、准确、可用于头孢哌酮的临床药动学研究。     

国产硫酸奈替米星注射液的药动学研究

采用微生物法对８名健康受试者单剂静脉滴注和肌注１００ｍｇ硫酸奈替米星注射液进行药动学研究，测定了给药后不同时间的血、尿药浓度，并经计算机程序计算药动学参数。结果显示：单剂静滴和肌注后的药动学符合二室开放模型，静滴药动学方程式为：Ｃ＝１０．８１２２ｅ－３．６７１４ｔ＋４．８８３１ｅ－０．２２０５ｔ；肌注药动学方程式为：Ｃ＝９．６８６８ｅ－１．４９１８ｔ＋５．４７５４ｅ－０．２０８６ｔ－１０．９７７０ｅ－３．７２５９ｔ。Ｔ１／２α分别为０．７４７８和０．４１２１ｈ，Ｔ１／２β分别为３．２３０８和２．８７４０ｈ，峰浓度分别为１３．１１和７．６０μｇ／ｍｌ，肌注后达峰时间为０．４８ｈ，总清除率分别为３．２２和３．２６（Ｌ／ｈ），２４ｈ肾排出率分别为５９．０６％和６８．５７％。给药后６ｈ内血药浓度及２４ｈ内尿药浓度＞１μｇ／ｍｌ，尿药浓度明显高于血药浓度。本研究结果与进口硫酸奈替米星注射液药动学过程基本一致。根据其药动学特征，建议一般给药方案为１００ｍｇ每日２次，可达到和维持有效血药浓度。     

高效液相色谱法测定生物样品中两性霉素B

两性霉素Ｂ（ＡＭＢ）常用于内脏或全身真菌感染的治疗。由于ＡＭＢ对肝、肾等有较大毒性，应监测血浆中ＡＭＢ的浓度，以便调整其用量。我们采用高效液相色谱法（ＨＰＬＣ），在μ－ＢｏｎｄａｐａｋＣ１８柱（３．９ｍｍ×３００ｍｍ，１０μｍ）上，以０．０５ｍｏｌ／ＬＥＤＴＡ－２Ｎａ溶液－乙腈（１∶１）为流动相；流速为１．４ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ；检测波长为４０５ｎｍ，测定了血浆、脑脊液中ＡＭＢ浓度。ＡＭＢ血浆中最小检出量为０．０２μｇ／ｍｌ。血浆中ＡＭＢ提取率＞８７％。日内精密度在５．０１％～６．２８％之间，日间精密度血样＜７．８６％，ＣＳＦ＜５．９８％。血浆中ＡＭＢ浓度在０．０５～２．０μｇ／ｍｌ范围内有良好线性关系。方法回收率为９９．０４％±３．９０％。该法用于１例曲霉菌全身感染者ＡＭＢ血药浓度测定，为制定给药方案提供了依据。     

氧氟沙星眼膏的HPLC和紫外分光光度测定

采用ＨＰＬＣ法和紫外分光光度法测定氧氟沙星眼膏的含量，线性范围分别为３０￣１２０μｇ／ｍｌ和２￣１０μｇ／ｍｌ；平均回收率分别为９８．５％（ＲＳＤ１．４％）和１００．７％（ＲＳＤ０．５％）。均可用于工厂内部控制质量。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.