关节突自体骨移植后路腰椎间盘植骨融合固定术的临床分析

目的探讨关节突自体骨移植后路腰椎间盘植骨融合固定术治疗椎间盘退变的远期疗效。方法自2001年10月至2007年10月本组收治腰椎退变病人50例(平均53.2岁),用这一方法进行椎间融合,平均随访3年。用日本矫形协会标准(JOA)评分:痊愈率、并发症和X线片的结果进行综合的评定。结果关节突自体骨移植后路腰椎间盘植骨融合固定术,椎间融合率(92.0%),临床效果(JOA评定治愈率78.3%),在治疗椎间盘退变、椎体滑脱锥体骨折取得了良好的效果,术后有3个病人出现了并发症。结论关节突自体骨移植后路腰椎间盘植骨融合固定术治疗椎间盘退变疾病手术疗效满意,显著提高融合率,预防神经根管狭窄、神经卡压的发生,减少术后断钉和椎体滑脱复发等问题。     

Noninstrumented facet fusion in patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for degenerative spondylolisthesis

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the radiographic and clinical efficacy of uninstrumented facet fusion in elderly patients undergoing lumbar laminectomy for spinal stenosis due to a single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis. Several studies have clearly demonstrated the beneficial effects of concomitant spinal fusion with laminectomy in degenerative spondylolisthesis. Controversy, however, persists regarding the virtues of fusion in this patient population. This study included 62 patients with a single-level grade I or II degenerative spondylolisthesis who underwent laminectomy and uninstrumented facet fusion for unremitting symptoms of spinal stenosis. Group 1 (39 patients) had a fixed degenerative spondylolisthesis with no measurable translation on flexion/extension radiographs, while group 2 (23 patients) had a mobile degenerative spondylolisthesis with preoperative translation. Postoperatively, the 62 listhetic levels were analyzed for radiographic signs of instability on flexion/extension radiographs for a minimum of 24 months. Clinical outcome was assessed in each patient at the time of final follow-up. In group 1 (patients with no preoperative translation), 64% of the index listhetic facet fusion levels had < or = 2 mm of motion on postoperative flexion/extension radiographs, while the other 36% had > 2 mm to < or = 15 mm of motion. Ninety-six percent of patients with < or = 2 mm of postoperative motion were "much better" after surgery, whereas only 50% of patients with > 10 mm of postoperative motion had similar results. Similar trends were also observed in group 2 with 52% of levels having < or = 2 mm motion and patient "much better" outcomes being observed with less motion postoperatively. The overall postoperative radiographic stabilization rate and improved patient outcomes were higher in group 1 than in group 2. In patients undergoing laminectomy for a grade I or II fixed or mobile degenerative spondylolisthesis, concomitant facet fusion decreases motion and stabilizes the spine via a bony fusion or a stable pseudarthrosis. In general, patients with less motion on postoperative flexion/extension radiographs had a better clinical outcome than those with more motion.     

单枚融合器附加椎弓根螺钉系统在腰椎滑脱治疗中的应用

目的探索以单枚椎间融合器后斜向植入附加椎弓根螺钉系统内固定的后路腰椎椎体间融合术治疗腰椎滑脱症.方法1997年7月～2000年8月,我们收治了各类腰椎滑脱症65例患者(男32例,女33例.年龄28～58岁,平均43岁).其中,峡部型滑脱症(Ⅰ～Ⅱ°)26例,退行性滑脱症25例,腰椎后路减压术后滑脱症7例,发育不良性腰椎滑脱症5例,外伤性滑脱症2例.均有一年以上的下腰痛和/或下肢根性症状且保守治疗无效.所有患者均在减压的基础上行病变节段的单枚螺纹式椎间融合器(BAK)的后斜向植入并附加用椎弓根螺钉系统内固定.结果65例中有59例平均随访达18月,皆达到临床融合.临床效果评价优42例,良14例,无改善3例,差0例.患者主观评定满意41例,基本满意15例,可3例所有患者均无融合器的移位及椎弓根螺钉松动,患者主观满意率93%.结论经侧后方斜向植入单枚螺纹状椎间融合器并附加椎弓根螺钉内固定的后路腰椎椎体间融合术式能充分完成后路减压,并能保证可靠的融合,适用于滑脱程度严重、滑脱倾向大的患者,不失为一种比较理想的治疗各种腰椎滑脱症的术式.     

Dynamic Stabilization for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis and Lumbar Spinal Instability

Lumbar interbody fusion is a widely accepted surgical procedure for patients with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis and lumbar spinal instability in the active age group. However, in elderly patients, it is often questionable whether it is truly necessary to construct rigid fixation for a short period of time. In recent years, we have been occasionally performing posterior dynamic stabilization in elderly patients with such lumbar disorders. Posterior dynamic stabilization was performed in 12 patients (6 women, 70.9 ± 5.6 years old at the time of operation) with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis in whom % slip was less than 20% or instability associated with lumbar disc herniation between March 2011 and March 2013. Movement occurs through the connector linked to the pedicle screw. In practice, 9 pairs of D connector system where the rod moves in the perpendicular direction alone and 8 pairs of Dynamic connector system where the connector linked to the pedicle screw rotates in the sagittal direction were installed. The observation period was 77–479 days, and the mean recovery rate of lumbar Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was 65.6 ± 20.8%. There was progression of slippage due to slight loosening in a case with lumbar degenerative spondylolisthesis, but this did not lead to exacerbation of the symptoms. Although follow-up was short, there were no symptomatic adjacent vertebral and disc disorders during this period. Posterior dynamic stabilization may diminish the development of adjacent vertebral or disc disorders due to lumbar interbody fusion, especially in elderly patients, and it may be a useful procedure that facilitates decompression and ensures a certain degree of spinal stabilization.     

两种椎体间融合术治疗老年腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄疗效比较

目的比较经椎间孔椎体间融合术(TLIF)和经后路椎体间融合术(PLIF)治疗老年腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄的效果。方法将50例合并腰椎管狭窄的退行性腰椎滑脱患者根据手术方法分为TLIF组(25例)和PLIF组(25例),分析两组的临床疗效及并发症发生率。结果两组术后12个月疼痛VAS评分均低于术前(P0.05);两组术后12个月Prolo评分均高于术前(P0.05)。术后VAS评分、并发症发生率TLIF组均低于PLIF组(P0.05),术后Prolo评分及优良率TLIF组均高于PLIF组(P0.05)。结论 TLIF治疗老年退行性腰椎滑脱合并腰椎管狭窄症的临床效果较好,并可降低术后并发症发生率。     

High failure rate of the interspinous distraction device (X-Stop) for the treatment of lumbar spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis

The X-Stop interspinous distraction device has shown to be an attractive alternative to conventional surgical procedures in the treatment of symptomatic degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis. However, the effectiveness of the X-Stop in symptomatic degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis is not known. A cohort of 12 consecutive patients with symptomatic lumbar spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis were treated with the X-Stop interspinous distraction device. All patients had low back pain, neurogenic claudication and radiculopathy. Pre-operative radiographs revealed an average slip of 19.6%. MRI of the lumbosacral spine showed a severe stenosis. In ten patients, the X-Stop was placed at the L4–5 level, whereas two patients were treated at both, L3–4 and L4–5 level. The mean follow-up was 30.3 months. In eight patients a complete relief of symptoms was observed post-operatively, whereas the remaining 4 patients experienced no relief of symptoms. Recurrence of pain, neurogenic claudication, and worsening of neurological symptoms was observed in three patients within 24 months. Post-operative radiographs and MRI did not show any changes in the percentage of slip or spinal dimensions. Finally, secondary surgical treatment by decompression with posterolateral fusion was performed in seven patients (58%) within 24 months. In conclusion, the X-Stop interspinous distraction device showed an extremely high failure rate, defined as surgical re-intervention, after short term follow-up in patients with spinal stenosis caused by degenerative spondylolisthesis. We do not recommend the X-Stop for the treatment of spinal stenosis complicating degenerative spondylolisthesis.     

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative spondylolisthesis: restoration of sagittal balance using insert-and-rotate interbody spacers.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Although satisfactory clinical outcomes have been reported for degenerative spondylolisthesis using a variety of surgical techniques, its optimal management remains controversial. Laboratory and clinical evidence is emerging that if fusion surgery is undertaken, improved short- and longer-term outcomes may be achieved by correcting any sagittal deformity present. The insert-and-rotate posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) technique, first described by Jaslow in 1946, may enable surgeons to safely and effectively correct sagittal balance through a single posterior approach. PURPOSE: To examine the clinical outcomes and determine whether the focal sagittal imbalance associated with a degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis can be safely and effectively corrected using a posterior distraction/reduction technique and insert-and-rotate interbody fusion spacers. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A prospective, single-cohort, observational study of the clinical outcomes and retrospective radiological review, in a series of 34 patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis, who underwent surgery between September 2000 and October 2002. PATIENT SAMPLE: Mean age of 65.1 years (range, 35 to 82 years). Thirty-two of the 34 patients underwent surgery principally for the relief of radicular leg pain. The principal indication for the fusion was the prevention of anticipated postdecompression instability in 68% of the patients. Mean preoperative slip was 20.0% (range, 12% to 33%). Mean preoperative focal lordosis was 13.2 degrees. OUTCOME MEASURES: Patients were administered pre- and postoperative clinical outcome surveys recording Visual Analogue Pain Score (VAS), Low Back Outcome Score (LBOS), Short Form (SF)-12 and patient satisfaction questionnaires. Pre- and postoperative measurements of the percentage slip and lumbar lordosis of the involved segments were available on 17 patients. Statistical analysis was done using a two tailed, paired t test. SURGICAL METHODS: Decompressive laminectomy was followed by reduction of the spondylolisthesis using intervertebral disc space distraction and pedicle screw instrumentation. The vertebral bodies were supported with bilateral intervertebral lordotic spacers, inserted on their sides and rotated 90 degrees before placing bone graft to either side of them, within the disc space. RESULTS: Mean follow-up time was 21.2 months (range, 12-32 months). No patients were lost to follow-up. Mean preoperative measures of VAS and LBOS of 5.3+/-2.2 and 24.8+/-15.6, respectively, improved to 2.2+/-2.1 (p<.001) and 44.8+/-18.0 (p<.001) at last follow-up. Thirty-one of 34 patients (91%) considered their outcome to be good or excellent. Mean preoperative slip reduced from 20.2% to 1.7% (92% correction, p<.001). Mean focal lordosis increased from 13.1 to 16.1 degrees (26.0% increase, p=.01). There were no device-related procedural complications. Postoperatively, three patients developed an ileus and one a possible deep wound infection, which settled on antibiotics. One patient required extension of his fusion at 12 months for adjacent segment stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: This series suggests that PLIF for degenerative spondylolisthesis using an insert-and-rotate technique can yield high levels of patient satisfaction with low levels of complications and substantial deformity correction using a posterior only approach. Longer-term outcome studies are required regarding the relevance of the restoration of spinal balance.     

椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后两种融合手术治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效比较

目的比较椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后腰椎后路椎体间融合术(posterior lumbar interbody fusion,PLIF)和腰椎后外侧融合术(posterolateral lumbar fusion,PLF)治疗腰椎滑脱症的临床疗效。方法 68例腰椎滑脱患者椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后分别行PLIF36例(PLIF组)及PLF32例(PLF组)。结果患者均获随访,平均时间(3.0±0.5)年,两组在平均手术时间、术中出血量及并发症发生率、临床疗效优良率、植骨融合率等方面均无显著性差异(P0.05),两组术后1周和术后1年滑脱率、椎体高度及滑脱节段前凸角均优于术前(P0.01),但术后1年PLIF组在滑脱矫正、椎体高度及滑脱节段前凸角度等指标的维持方面均优于PLF组(P0.01)。结论椎弓根螺钉复位内固定后PLIF与PLF均为治疗腰椎滑脱症的有效方法,但PLIF对腰椎滑脱的矫正、椎间高度的维持、生理曲度的恢复等方面较PLF有显著的优越性。     

腰椎后路椎间融合术后椎间融合的X线片及三维CT评价

目的 探讨X线片和三维CT(3D-CT)在判定单节段后路腰椎椎间融合术后椎间融合情况的临床价值.方法 选取接受后路腰椎椎间融合术并随访1年以上的患者43例,男19例,女24例;年龄16～74岁,平均47.2岁.峡部裂性滑脱21例,退变性滑脱15例,腰椎间盘突出并不稳症3例,腰椎间盘突出症复发3例,极外侧椎间盘突出症1例.单纯骨粒植骨26例,骨粒加椎间融合器17例.单节段内固定24例,双节段内固定19例.均为单节段椎间融合,其中L_(3,4) 6例,L_(4,5),17例,L_5S_1 20例.应用改良Brantigan评分判定腰椎正侧位X线片及3D-CT扫描所示椎间融合程度;动力位X线片判断椎间稳定性.结果 随访12～85个月,平均18个月.末次随访时X线片及3D-CT所示椎间融合率分别为64%(28/43例)和40%(17/43例).3D-CT的Brantigan评分小于正侧位X线片(P<0.05).根据诊断、固定节段及融合方式不同分组,各组3D-CT评分均低于正侧位X线片(P<0.05).动力位X线片示椎间不稳定者仅3例(7%).结论 腰椎3D-CT能更准确地评价椎间融合情况.拆除内固定前进行3D-CT检查非常必要.拆除内固定前摄动力位X线片对判定椎体间融合的临床意义不大.     

Two-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative disc disease: improved clinical outcome with restoration of lumbar lordosis

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Although posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) for degenerative lumbar diseases is routine, there are few reports on double-level PLIF. PURPOSE: To evaluate the clinical outcomes of double-level PLIF. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A retrospective study of operated cases in Gifu, Japan. PATIENT SAMPLE: Nineteen patients (8 men and 11 women, 59.5+/-10.2 years) who underwent double-level PLIF between 1996 and 2001. OUTCOME MEASURES: Operation time, blood loss, complications, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) score for back pain and lumbar sagittal alignment were evaluated. METHODS: Patients were examined retrospectively at follow-ups of 3.6+/-1.7 years. Primary diseases were spondylolisthesis, spinal canal stenosis, degenerative scoliosis and herniated intervertebral disc. Fusion areas were L3 to L5 in 15 cases and L4 to S1 in 4 cases. RESULTS: The mean JOA score increased from an initial score of 12.9+/-3.5 to 21.3+/-4.9 at the final follow-up. There was a positive correlation (R=0.718, p<.001) between the increase in lordotic angle and the increase in the JOA score. Several parameters suggested that the surgical invasiveness was not minimal. CONCLUSION: Double-level PLIF provided satisfactory results and preserved lumbar spine lordosis.     

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion for aged patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis: is intentional surgical reduction essential?

Background context

Surgical reduction and posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) is commonly used to recover segmental imbalance in degenerative spondylolisthesis. However, whether intentional reduction of the slipped vertebra during PLIF is essential in aged patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis remains controversial.

Purpose

We compared the outcomes of surgical reduction and fusion in situ among aged patients who underwent PLIF for degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Study design

A prospective randomized clinical trial on the surgical treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis patients aged older than 70 years.

Patient sample

Between January 2006 and December 2009, 73 patients aged 70 years or older with single-level degenerative spondylolisthesis requiring surgical treatment were included in this study.

Outcome measures

Clinical outcomes were assessed using the visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopedic Association scores. Radiographic outcomes included percentage of vertebral slippage, focal lordosis, and disc height.

Methods

The 73 patients were randomly assigned to two groups treated using surgical reduction (Group A, n=36) and fusion in situ (Group B, n=37). Both groups were followed up for an average of 33.2 months (range, 24–54 months). The clinical and radiographic outcomes were compared between the two groups.

Results

Surgical complications were similar in the two groups. The average operative time and blood loss during surgery did not insignificantly differ (p>.05) between the two groups. Spondylolisthesis, disc height, and focal lordosis were significantly improved postoperatively in both groups. There was no obvious difference in clinical outcomes, as assessed using the visual analog scale, Oswestry Disability Index, and Japanese Orthopedic Association scores, although the radiographic outcomes were considerably better in Group A than in Group B.

Conclusions

Posterior lumbar interbody fusion with pedicle screws fixation, with or without intraoperative reduction, provides good outcomes in the surgical treatment of aged patients with degenerative spondylolisthesis. Better radiological outcomes by intentional reduction do not necessarily indicate better clinical outcomes.     

Achievement of normal sagittal plane alignment using a wedged carbon fiber reinforced polymer fusion cage in treatment of spondylolisthesis.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Previous clinical studies of interbody fusion cages have generally failed to report sagittal plane alignment. In some cases, parallel-sided cages have contributed to loss of lumbar lordosis. A wedged-shaped carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) cage implant filled with autologous bone was designed to allow surgeons to more easily achieve normal sagittal plane alignment in posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF). PURPOSE: This study was conducted to test the safety and efficacy of the wedged CFRP cage and the ability of surgeons to achieve normal anatomic alignment using an implant of this shape. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: The wedged CFRP cage with pedicle screw fixation was evaluated in the treatment of patients with spondylolisthesis in a 2-year prospective study performed at 12 centers under a Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved protocol PATIENT SAMPLE: Inclusion criteria included patients with isthmic or degenerative spondylolisthesis at a single level below L4 with a translational malalignment of 3 mm or greater. Exclusion criteria included patients with more than 90% translation, previous surgery or abnormalities at more than two levels. OUTCOME MEASURES: Traditional outcome measures have included clinical success (improvement in pain and function) and fusion success (proof of living bone bridging the fusion area). This study adds a more complete analysis of anatomic success (restoration or maintenance of normal disc space height and sagittal plane alignment). METHODS: A clinical study of PLIF with pedicle screw fixation included a prospective group of 46 patients treated for spondylolisthesis. This article presents the data from the FDA-approval protocol. RESULTS: Fusion success was achieved in 35 of 36 patients (97.2%) reaching the 2-year follow-up interval. Clinical success was achieved in 35 of 37 (94.6%), and overall success was achieved in 33 of 36 (91.2%). Disc space height averaged 8.3 mm preoperatively, was increased to 10.2 mm at surgery and was maintained at 9.8 mm at 2 years. L4-S1 sagittal plane alignment was maintained within normal range, averaging 30.6 degrees after surgery. Clinical and fusion success rates trended higher than previous results with the rectangular cage but were not statistically different. Fusion success was significantly better than prior literature for treatment of spondylolisthesis (p=.0160). Complications of the surgery trended lower but were not statistically different from the study of the rectangular cage. CONCLUSIONS: The wedged CFRP cage with pedicle screw fixation allows surgeons to maintain normal sagittal plane alignment. These devices are safe and effective for treatment of spondylolisthesis and are FDA approved in the United States.     

Effect of one- or two-level posterior lumbar interbody fusion on global sagittal balance

Background Context

Sagittal imbalance is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with degenerative lumbar disease. However, there is no consensus on the impact of posterior lumbar interbody fusion (PLIF) on local and global sagittal balance.

腰椎退行性多节段滑脱的手术治疗

目的 探讨腰椎退行性多节段滑脱的手术治疗方法.方法 2005年3月至2008年9 月,采用后路彻底减压、复位、椎弓根内螺钉固定360°融合治疗多节段腰椎滑脱患者25例.其中男性7例,女性18例;年龄38-75岁,平均56.6岁.滑脱均为退行性变化引起,类型有:前滑脱12例,后滑脱2例,混合滑脱11例.患者均行腰椎后路减压融合手术,术后随访6个月-4年,根据 Lenke 标准评价脊柱植骨融合情况,根据 Henderson 标准评价临床疗效.结果 术后25例患者均获得完全 复位.植骨融合结果:Lenke A级23例,B级2例;临床疗效Henderson评价结果:优16例,良6例,可 3例.结论 多节段腰椎退变滑脱发病机制和治疗方法与单节段腰椎滑脱不尽相同,后路彻底减压, 适度复位,后外侧植骨融合结合椎间融合能获得较好的临床效果.多节段滑脱复位时应根据滑脱的类型选择不同方法.     

退变性腰椎滑脱后路融合术后的远期疗效分析

[目的]探讨后路减压复位融合内固定术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱的远期疗效.[方法]2001年1月～2005年7月行后路减压、植骨融合、椎弓根螺钉复位内固定术,资料完整并获得未次随访的退变性腰椎滑脱患者62例,随访5～9年(平均6.4年).融合方式有后外侧融合(PLF)、自体髂骨椎问融合(PLIF)、椎间Cage植入融合(PLJF+Cage).评价JOA评分改善率、优良率、满意度、融合及临近节段退变情况等,对术前、术后及末次随访时滑脱率、椎问高度、椎间盘角、节段侧凸角等影像学指标进行比较和分析.[结果]JOA评分改善率(67.7±19.4)%,优良率85.5%,满意度87.1%,融合率95.2%,临近节段退变或原有退变加重26例(41.9%),各融合方式间均无显著性差异(P>0.05).术后滑脱率、椎间高度、椎间盘角及节段侧凸角较术前均显著改善(P<0.05),末次随访时滑脱复位、椎间高度、椎间盘角有所丢失,椎间Cage植入融合丢失最少.[结论]后路减压、植骨融合、椎弓根螺钉复位内固定术治疗退变性腰椎滑脱远期疗效满意,椎间Cage植入融合的放射学表现更佳.     

不同融合术式联合椎弓根钉治疗腰椎滑脱的临床观察

目的观察比较椎弓根器械复位固定后两种不同融合法椎体间融合（posterior interbody fusion,PLIF）与后外侧融合（posterolateral fusion,PLF）对峡部裂型腰椎滑脱的疗效。方法选取2006年5月至2008年5月我科收治的腰椎滑脱患者78例,男43例,女35例;年龄45～68岁,平均52岁。L4滑脱33例,L5滑脱45例;度滑脱12例,度滑脱66例。78例患者中行PLF结合椎弓根内固定治疗33例,行PLIF结合椎弓根内固定治疗45例,记录两组手术术中出血量及手术时间,对比分析两组患者即刻及随访2年后的X线影像学结果（包括滑脱矫正、滑脱节段椎间隙高度改变及植骨融合率）和临床疗效（JOA评分）。结果术后即刻X线影像学结果,包括滑脱矫正、滑脱节段椎间隙高度,两组间差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;术后2年随访时,在滑脱矫正及滑脱节段椎间隙高度的维持上PLIF组优于PLF组（P〈0.05）,骨融合率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,两组间临床疗效（JOA评分）差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论椎弓根器械复位固定并PLIF与PLF都是治疗度以内腰椎峡部裂型滑脱的有效方法,PLIF在对滑脱矫形的维持及结构的稳定上具有优越的力学性能,PLF后期易出现矫正丢失,但临床疗效不受明显影响。     

Increased risk of symptomatic progression of instability following decompression for lumbar canal stenosis in patients receiving chronic glucocorticoids therapy

Background

Lumbar decompression surgery is a commonly used treatment for degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis; however, some patients develop symptomatic spinal instability following decompression surgery. The objective of this study was to reveal risk factors for delayed instability following decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis.

椎弓根器械复位固定后两种不同融合方法对腰椎峡部裂型滑脱的疗效比较

目的观察比较椎弓根器械复位固定后两种不同融合法PLF与PLIF对峡部裂型滑脱的疗效。方法Ⅱ度以内腰椎峡部裂型滑脱共47例,一组22例,椎弓根器械复位固定后行PLF(PLF组);另一组25例,椎弓根器械复位固定后行PLIF(PLIF组)。对两组的临床疗效(ODI评分)、X线影像学结果(包括:滑脱矫正、滑脱节段椎间隙高度改变、滑脱节段前突角改变及骨融合)及并发症进行对比观察。结果术后即刻X线影像学结果,包括:滑脱矫正、滑脱节段椎间盘高度、滑脱节段前突角,两组间无显著差异(P>0.05);术后2年随访时,滑脱矫正及滑脱节段椎间隙高度的维持上PLIF组优于PLF组(P<0.05),骨融合率及滑脱节段前突角两组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但两组间临床疗效(ODI评分)及并发症发生率无显著差异(P>0.05),内固定失败率PLF组高于PLIF组。结论椎弓根器械复位固定并PLF与PLIF都是治疗Ⅱ度以内腰椎峡部裂型滑脱的有效方法,PLIF在对滑脱矫形的维持及结构的稳定上具有优越的力学性能,PLF后期易出现矫正丢失及内固定失败,但临床疗效不受明显影响。     

Congenital lumbar spinal stenosis: a prospective, control-matched, cohort radiographic analysis

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Degenerative lumbar spinal stenosis manifests primarily after the sixth decade of life as a result of facet hypertrophy and degenerative disc disease. Congenital stenosis, on the other hand, presents earlier in age with similar clinical findings but with multilevel involvement and fewer degenerative changes. These patients may have subtle anatomic variations of the lumbar spine that may increase the likelihood of thecal sac compression. However, to the authors' knowledge, no quantitative studies have addressed various radiographic parameters of symptomatic, congenitally stenotic individuals to normal subjects. PURPOSE: To radiographically quantify and compare the anatomy of the lumbar spine in symptomatic, congenitally stenotic individuals to age- and sex-matched, asymptomatic, nonstenotic controlled individuals. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A prospective, control-matched, cohort radiographic analysis. PATIENT SAMPLE: Axial and sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lateral, lumbar, plain radiographs of 20 surgically treated patients who were given a clinical diagnosis of congenital lumbar stenosis by the senior author were randomized with images of 20, asymptomatic age- and sex-matched subjects. OUTCOME MEASURES: MRIs and lateral, lumbar, plain radiographs were independently quantitatively assessed by two individuals. Measurements obtained from the axial MRIs included: midline anterior-posterior (AP) vertebral body diameter, vertebral body width, midline AP canal diameter, canal width, spinal canal cross-sectional area, pedicle length, and pedicle width. From the sagittal MRIs, the following measurements were calculated: AP vertebral body diameter, vertebral body height, and AP canal diameter at the mid-vertebral level. On the lateral, lumbar, plain radiograph (L3 level), the AP diameters of the vertebral body spinal canal were measured. METHODS: The images of these 40 individuals were then randomized and distributed in a blinded fashion to five separate spine surgeons who graded the presence and severity of congenital stenosis utilizing a five-tier scale. Images consisting of 15 symptomatic individuals, graded definitely congenitally stenotic (mean age, 51.7 years; range, 43-65 years), and 15 asymptomatic individuals, graded definitely not stenotic (mean age, 50.7 years; range, 41-55 years), were age- and sex-matched and included for further review. From these 30 patients, a lateral, lumbar, plain radiograph and axial and sagittal MRIs (T1/T2 weighted) from L2-L5 were quantitatively analyzed. Rater reliability was assessed by Kappa coefficient testing. RESULTS: The cross-sectional area of the canal was significantly smaller in the congenitally stenotic patients at all lumbar levels measured (L2: 176 mm(2) vs. 259 mm(2), L3: 177 mm(2) vs. 275 mm(2), L4: 183 mm(2) vs. 283 mm(2), L5: 213 mm(2) vs. 323 mm(2), p<.05). Pedicle length was markedly shorter in the stenosis group at each lumbar level (L2: 5.9 mm vs. 8.9 mm, L3: 6.0 mm vs. 8.8 mm, L4: 6.5 mm vs. 9.2 mm, L5: 5.8 mm vs. 9.1 mm, p<.05). Furthermore, midline, axial AP canal diameter, vertebral body width, and sagittal AP canal diameter were all significantly smaller than the control patients (p<.05). A ratio of the AP diameter of the pedicle length to the vertebral body was also noted to be statistically significant on both the lateral plain radiographs (L3: 0.426 vs. 0.704) and sagittal MRI (L2: 0.343 vs. 0.461, L3: 0.361 vs. 0.461, L4: 0.362 vs. 0.481, L5: 0.354 vs. 0.452, p<.05). No difference was noted comparing the AP diameter of the vertebral body (axial and sagittal images), vertebral body height, canal width, and pedicle width. Kappa testing coefficient indicated a strong rater reliability (k=0.81, 95% confidence interval: 0.62-0.94). CONCLUSIONS: Congenital lumbar stenosis has not been clearly defined radiographically. Clinically, congenitally stenotic patients present at a younger age with fewer degenerative changes and multiple levels of involvement. Radiographically, these patients have a shorter pedicular length and as a result a smaller cross-sectional spinal canal area (mean critical values of 6.5 mm and 213 mm(2) were observed, respectively). The mean critical ratios were 0.43 (2:1 AP vertebral body: pedicle length) on the lateral lumbar radiograph and 0.36 on the sagittal MRI. The altered canal anatomy resulting from a decreased pedicle length may anatomically predispose these patients to earlier complaints of symptomatic neurogenic claudication. Identification of the presence of congenital stenosis should increase the treating surgeon's awareness of the potential need for multilevel treatment.     

后正中入路腰椎间融合与脊柱骨盆平衡相关性研究

目的：探讨采用经后正中入路腰椎间融合（posterior lumber interbody fusion, PLIF）治疗腰椎退变性疾病时对脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡的影响。方法回顾性分析2011年2月至2012年6月我院通过PLIF治疗腰椎间盘突出症、腰椎滑脱、腰椎管狭窄症的患者40例,以常用的脊柱骨盆平衡参数中的骨盆入射角（pelvic incidence, PI）、骨盆倾斜角（pelvic tilt, PT）、骶骨倾斜角（sacral slope, SS）及腰椎前凸角（lumbar lordosis, LL）为观察指标,分别测量患者术前、术后7 d、术后1年、术后2年的脊柱骨盆平衡参数。予以比较这些参数的变化,从而评估PLIF手术对脊柱骨盆平衡的影响。并采用日本骨科协会（Jap?anese Orthopaedic Association, JOA）腰腿痛评分标准对患者手术前后腰腿痛进行评分,评估患者症状及体征改善情况。结果患者术前、术后的LL、SS、PT比较,LL从术前的38.6°±5.2°增加到术后的46.8°±7.3°（t=2.904,P=0.01),SS由术前的28.2°±6.7°增加到术后的33.4°±5.3°（t=3.608,P=0.038）,PT由术前的21.6°±7.8°减小到术后的18.2°±9.4°（t=3.062,P=0.041）;而术后不同时间段的比较,差异均无统计学意义（均P＞0.05）。35例患者的JOA评分较术前增加,由术前的（12.5±1.8）分升至末次随访的（21.6±3.2）分,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 PLIF术式能缓解患者的临床症状,改善患者的生活质量;并且可以有效地改善腰椎前凸的病理状态,恢复腰椎正常的生理前凸,从而对维持脊柱骨盆矢状面平衡具有重要意义。