冠状病毒疫苗研究进展

进入21世纪以来,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, SARS-CoV）、中东呼吸综合征冠状病毒（Middle East respiratory syndromecoronavirus, MERS-CoV）及最新出现的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2）等高致病性冠状病毒先后在人群中暴发流行,成为影响地区、国家乃至全球的重大公共卫生事件,研发特异性疫苗成为防控病毒流行的当务之急。本文综述了SARS-CoV和MERS-CoV疫苗的研究进展,望对SARS-CoV-2疫苗研制提供参考。     

妊娠期冠状病毒感染与母婴健康研究进展

目前全球范围内正流行新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）,而其强烈的传播性已引发重大公共卫生危机。新型冠状病毒与严重急性呼吸综合征（SARS）冠状病毒、中东呼吸综合征（MERS）冠状病毒存在高度病原同源性,同为β属冠状病毒。由于孕妇群体在生理和心理上存在一定脆弱性,为疫情流行期间的易感人群和高危人群,本文将对目前所报道的孕产妇罹患SARS、MERS、COVID-19对母婴健康影响进行文献综述,旨在为COVID-19流行中孕妇健康管理与防控提供依据。     

儿童SARS、MERS和COVID-19的流行病学和临床特征

近年来,具有流行潜力和高死亡率的人类新病原体如严重急性呼吸系统综合征(SARS)、H5N1禽流感、中东呼吸综合征(MERS)、猪流感的出现严重威胁人们的健康。2019年12月,武汉市发现一种不明原因肺炎病例,国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV)后来将引起此种疾病的病毒正式分类名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2)。     

孕妇居家防护新型冠状病毒肺炎专家建议

2020年新年伊始,新型冠状病毒肺炎在国内外蔓延[1]。2月8日,我国国务院新闻发布会暂命名为新型冠状病毒肺炎(novel coronavirus pneumonia,NCP),简称新冠肺炎。2月12日,国际病毒分类委员会(International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses,ICTV)正式宣布新型冠状病毒分类名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,SARS-CoV-2)。     

中东呼吸综合征流行病学研究进展

正中东呼吸综合征(Middle East Respiratory Syndrome,MERS),是一种新型冠状病毒感染引起的,以急性呼吸道感染为主要临床表现,严重病例可出现急性呼吸窘迫综合症或多器官功能衰竭等。该新型冠状病毒于2012年9月首次在沙特一名肺炎病例标本中被分离出来[1],此后中东、欧洲等国陆续报告了多例确诊病例。为统一该新型冠状病毒的名称,国际病毒分类委员会将该病毒命名为"中     

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2感染的母婴围生期管理

目前新型冠状病毒正在我国流行。2020年2月11日,世界卫生组织(WHO)和国际病毒分类委员会冠状病毒研究小组,正式将新型冠状病毒命名为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2(SARS-CoV-2),而由其引起的疾病则被命名为新型冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)。孕妇和新生儿是SARS-CoV-2易感人群,并且由于其特殊的生理特点,备受临床关注。笔者拟根据近期关于新生儿和孕产妇SARS-CoV-2感染的临床、基础研究和相关指南的最新研究进展进行阐述,旨在为SARS-CoV-2感染的母婴围生期管理提供快捷、实用的参考。     

疫苗诱导的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症的可能机制与研究进展

2019年底至今,严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, SARS-CoV-2）引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎在全球范围内广泛传播,严重威胁着人类的生命安全。目前,尚无针对SARS-CoV-2的特效抗病毒药物,疫苗接种成为最有效且经济的防控手段。随着疫苗大量接种与后续随访工作的展开,与疫苗相关的自发性肝素诱导血小板减少症即疫苗诱导的免疫性血栓性血小板减少症（vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, VITT）在临床上陆续出现。本文就VITT的可能机制与研究进展作一综述。     

变应性鼻炎及哮喘的严重程度及用药对新型冠状病毒感染的影响

由新型严重急性呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒2型(SARS-CoV-2)所致的2019年冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)已造成 6.6亿人感染, 670万人死亡。目前已确定了多种与COVID-19病情严重度相关的危险因素, 但变应性鼻炎与哮喘是否会对新型冠状病毒感染造成影响尚存在争议。总体而言, 没有充足的证据支持变应性鼻炎或哮喘是增加新型冠状病毒感染率或使病情加重的危险因素, 甚至有研究显示, 特应性可能是减轻新冠病毒感染的保护因素, 这与具备特应性的个体中SARS-CoV-2 进入细胞所需的受体血管紧张素转换酶2的表达减少有关。本文就变应性鼻炎及哮喘的严重程度及用药对新型冠状病毒感染的影响进行综述, 以期为制定 COVID-19 的预防、风险分层和治疗策略提供参考依据。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎研究进展

2019年12月底,中国暴发了一场不明微生物引发的病毒性肺炎。经研究确认,该不明微生物为一种新的冠状病毒,即严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, SARS-CoV-2）,2020年2月,WHO将SARS-CoV-2感染的肺炎正式命名为新型冠状病毒肺炎（coronavirus disease-2019, COVID-19）。随着对SARS-CoV-2及其引发肺炎研究的深入,SARS-CoV-2特点、COVID-19临床及流行病学特征、临床诊治技术等研究内容陆续在国内外杂志报道。本文对已开展的COVID-19研究工作梳理总结,围绕溯源分析、检测手段、临床表现、药物研发、病毒传播等5个方面进行综述,以期对临床及科研工作者提供帮助。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎实验室诊断技术研究进展

 

2019年12月,湖北省武汉市发现以肺部病变为主的新型冠状病毒感染,2020年2月11日世界卫生组织（WHO）将由新型冠状病毒引发的疾病正式命名为2019冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19）,该病毒称为严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2）。COVID-19短时间内扩散到全国,3月11日WHO宣布COVID-19已构成全球大流行。实验室检测是确诊COVID-19的重要依据,对于该病的治疗和防疫工作至关重要。本文对COVID-19实验室临床诊断技术相关进展进行整理综述。

     

长春新碱过量引起严重毒副反应1例的护理体会

报道1例霍奇金淋巴瘤患者因误用长春新碱（VCR）10mg一次性静脉推注后治疗护理情况。其出现间断性神志恍惚、眼睑闭合不全、言语不清、口腔黏膜糜烂、全身疼痛、麻痹性肠梗阻、尿潴留、手足麻木等症状,经积极解救,禁食,持续胃肠减压、胃管内注入麻油、开塞露、生理盐水灌肠,合理应用肠外营养,注重疼痛、心理护理,做好口腔、肛周护理,预防感染加重,患者病情得到控制好转出院。     

Correlates of stages of change of smoking among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods

BACKGROUND: This study examines the prevalence and correlates of stages of change of smoking, in terms of psychosocial, structural and sociodemographic factors, among inhabitants of deprived neighbourhoods. METHODS: Cross-sectional data were obtained from a survey on health related behaviour. Subjects were 2009 current and former smokers, aged 20-46, living in deprived neighbourhoods in Rotterdam, the second largest city in the Netherlands. Three groups of smokers were formed according to the stages of change-definitions of the Transtheoretical Model: smokers not planning to quit (precontemplators), smokers planning to quit (contemplators/preparators) and former smokers (actors/maintainers). Smokers planning to quit and smokers not planning to quit were compared regarding psychosocial factors (attitude, social norm, self-efficacy), structural factors (neighbourhood problems, material deprivation, financial problems, employment status) and sociodemographic factors (age, gender, marital status, cultural background, educational level). Former smokers were compared with smokers planning to quit regarding structural and sociodemographic factors. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of stages of change. RESULTS: Smokers planning to quit (prevalence = 19%) reported a more positive attitude, stronger social norms and higher self-efficacy expectations in quitting smoking than smokers not planning to quit (prevalence = 57%). Smokers planning to quit less often were Dutch-born, more often had attended higher vocational schooling or university and more often reported experiencing two or more neighbourhood problems compared to smokers not planning to quit. Former smokers (prevalence = 24%) were older, more often Dutch-born, married, employed and higher educated, compared to smokers planning to quit. Furthermore, former smokers less often reported material deprivation and financial problems than smokers planning to quit. CONCLUSION: Among people living in deprived neighbourhoods, different factors correlate with different stages of change of smoking. Implications for health promotion are discussed.     

Choice of measures of vaccination and estimates of risk of pediatric pertussis

BackgroundVaccination uptake at the individual level can be assessed in a variety of ways, including traditional measures of being up-to-date (UTD), measures of UTD that consider dose timing, like age-appropriate vaccination, and risk reduction from individual doses. This analysis compared methods of operationalizing vaccination uptake and corresponding risk of pertussis infection.MethodsCity-wide case-control study of children in Philadelphia aged 3 months through 6 years, between 2001 and 2013. Multiple logistic regression was used to isolate the independent effects of each measure of vaccination uptake and the corresponding relative odds of pertussis.ResultsBeing UTD on vaccinations was associated with a 52% reduction in risk of pertussis (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.34, 0.69). Evaluation of delayed receipt of vaccine versus on-time UTD yielded similar results. There was a decrease in risk of pertussis for each additional dose received with the greatest reduction in pertussis infection observed from the first (OR 0.48, 95% CI: 0.28, 0.83) and second dose (OR 0.17, 95% CI: 0.08, 0.34). Additional doses conferred minimal additional protection in this age group.ConclusionExamining vaccination status by individual doses may offer improved predictive capacity for identifying children at risk for pertussis infection compared to the traditional UTD measure.     

上海市某医院骨科平均住院日影响因素分析

对上海市某医院2003年-2007年骨科出院病人的住院日描述性分析．2003年-2007年骨科的床位利用指数与平均住院日相关性分析．2003年-2007年骨科床位与医护比例分析．2007年骨科前10大病种平均住院目影响因素分别进行单因素相关性分析和多因素逐步回归分析（STATA软件）。通过对骨科10大病种住院日影响因素分析,术前等待天数、手术类型、是否输血分别对10个、9个和8个病种的住院目有影响。输血因素和手术类型是医院不可控、由病人的病情决定的,术前等待天数是管理因素,是最值得医院重视的影响因素。     

两种不同肌瘤剔除术治疗子宫肌瘤的临床疗效比较

目的:比较腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析63例腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术与61例腹式子宫肌瘤剔除术的临床资料,比较2种手术方式的手术时间、术中出血量、肛门排气时间、使用抗生素时间、术后感染率、体温恢复正常时间、住院时间等情况。结果:两组患者接受子宫肌瘤剔除术顺利完成,腹腔镜组手术时间长于开腹组(P0.05),腹腔镜组术中出血量及剔除肌瘤个数均少于开腹组(P0.05),术后腹腔镜组体温恢复正常时间、肛门排气时间、抗生素使用及住院时间均短于开腹组,两组患者最多随访6个月,腹腔镜组平均康复时间较开腹组短(P0.05),两组随访B超均未发现明显肌瘤结节。结论:腹腔镜子宫肌瘤剔除术损伤小,恢复快,住院时间短,是值得推广的微创手术。     

尘肺病患者145例死因调查

目的分析汉中市尘肺病的发生、发展和死亡原因，以提高尘肺病患者的生存质量。方法对145例尘肺病患者的死因进行回顾性分析，计算其平均发病年龄、死亡年龄及患尘肺病后的存活年限。结果矽肺的平均发病年龄和死亡年龄均早于煤工尘肺和石棉肺，尘肺病的主要死因为患肺部疾患，患尘肺病后的平均存活年限为12a。结论加强职业健康体检工作，对尘肺病人做到早发现早治疗和预防并发症的发生。     

性发育异常发病机制的研究进展

正常的性腺分化可分为3个过程：原始性腺形成、性别决定和卵巢/睾丸发育。在任一环节中,基因表达或调控发生异常均有可能导致性发育异常疾病的发生。性发育异常是指染色体、性腺和解剖性别不典型。随着分子生物学技术的发展,不断地发现新的基因或信号通路参与性腺分化和发育,如SRY、SF1、WT1、Sox9等基因与睾丸发育密切相关,Wnt/Rspo1/B连环蛋白通路、Dax1、Foxl2等基因在卵巢分化中发挥着重要作用,一些非编码RNA和转化生长因子也有重要的调节功能,且睾丸和卵巢发育均为主动过程,即使在出生后因某些基因的改变两者间也可出现横向分化。这些为揭示性分化异常的发病机制提供了可能。     

One-year stability of the Measure of Processes of Care

BACKGROUND: The Measure of Processes of Care (MPOC) is a 56-item self-administered measure designed to examine what parents of a child with a chronic health problem think of the services they and their child receive, and to measure the extent to which these services are family-centred. Reliability and validity of the MPOC were established in prior studies. The aim of the present study was to assess the 1-year stability of the MPOC to justify its use as an evaluative tool. METHODS: Nine paediatric rehabilitation centres in the Netherlands participated in this short longitudinal survey study. Subjects were 205 parents (response rate 74.8%) of children aged 1-18 years who received care in one of the participating paediatric rehabilitation centres. All subjects filled out two MPOCs with a 1-year interval. RESULTS: All correlations between the scale scores of the MPOC at the first and second administration were relatively high and significant (range: 0.443-0.609, all P < 0.001), demonstrating high inter-individual stability. However, all mean scale scores, except for Providing General Information, significantly reduced after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: The MPOC has a moderate 1-year stability. However, because of its tendency to score lower when repeated after 1 year, its use as an evaluative follow-up instrument to assess the effectiveness of a programme intervention is restricted.     

儿童皮质发育畸形的MRI诊断

目的探讨儿童皮质发育畸形(MCD)的MRI表现特点,为MCD的早期诊断提供依据。 方法选择2010年1月至2012年12月在四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院放射科经MRI检查确诊为MCD的44例患儿为研究对象。回顾性分析及总结其MRI影像学特征。本研究遵循的程序符合四川省医学科学院·四川省人民医院人体试验委员会制定的伦理学标准,得到该委员会批准,征得受试对象及其监护人知情同意,并与监护人签署临床研究知情同意书。 结果本组44例经MRI确诊为MCD患儿中,巨脑回-无脑回为17例,多小脑回为14例,灰质异位为9例,脑裂畸形为4例。MCD的MRI特点中,巨脑回表现为脑回增宽、皮质增厚及白质变薄;无脑回表现为正常脑沟、脑回消失,皮质增厚及白质变薄;多小脑回表现为脑回增多、细小;灰质异位表现为皮质下及侧脑室周围深部白质区结节状、团块状或带状病灶,信号与灰质信号相同;脑裂畸形表现为从侧脑室到脑表面贯穿大脑半球的裂隙,表面覆盖灰质。 结论MRI是诊断儿童MCD的可靠影像学方法。     

西林瓶装注射用水的装量检查分析

为了检查西林瓶装注射用水的实际分装量是否符合2005年版《药典》三部要求,按照2005年版《药典》三部中“生物制品分装和冻干规程”,分装规格为0．8ml的西林瓶装注射用水10000瓶,随机在分装过程的前、中、后阶段共抽取100瓶,轧盖、目检。分别用1ml标定注射器及1ml普通无菌注射器抽取每瓶注射用水的实际体积,以t检验法对实际抽取量与标示量的差值进行统计学分析,结果显示其与2005年版《药典》三部要求分装附加量为0．1ml相比有显著性差异（P〈0．001）。