脑型肺吸虫病的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨脑型肺吸虫病的CT和MRI表现,旨在提高其诊断准确性。方法回顾性分析经手术后病理证实或诊断性用药后疗效显著的15例脑型肺吸虫病的影像表现特点。结果5例行CT平扫,主要表现为多发或单发不规则低密度水肿区及出血灶;其中3例行CT增强扫描,增强后呈结节状、环状强化明显,2例见"隧道"征。12例行MRI平扫,其中10例有多发、不规则、大小不等的出血灶,部分病灶较小,围绕与出血灶不相称的较大的水肿信号;病灶随机分布,并呈聚集或迁移状,3例可见"隧道"征,增强扫描见斑片状、结节状、单发或多发小环状强化,"隧道"征更加明显。结论MRI对脑型肺吸虫病的临床诊断具有重要价值,但脑型肺吸虫病的明确诊断还应结合流行病史、临床表现、实验室检查等。     

艾滋病合并肺毛霉菌病的胸部影像表现

目的 探讨艾滋病(MDS)合并肺毛霉菌病的胸部影像表现.方法 回顾性分析13例艾滋病合并肺毛霉菌病的X线胸片+胸部高分辨率CT(HRCT)表现.结果 13例患者X线胸片中5例出现肺内浸润性病灶,7例呈网织纹理,4例见胸腔积液,4例出现肺门及纵隔淋巴结增大.3例见粟粒病变,3例见结节状肿块影,2例呈磨玻璃密度影(GGO),2例见肺气囊,内含结节的空洞、胸膜增厚、心包积液及局限性气胸各1例.13例患者HRCT发现7例见纵隔淋巴结增大,7例见小叶间隔增厚,6例出现肺内浸润性病灶,5例见粟粒病变(其中1例可见胸膜下小结节),4例见胸腔积液,3例见结节状肿块影,可见GGO、多发肺气囊及树芽征各2例,空洞(内含结节的空洞)、胸膜增厚、局段支气管扩张、心包积液及局限性气胸各1例.结论 AIDS合并肺毛霉菌病常见的胸部影像表现为:肺粟粒病变、纵隔淋巴结增大、网织纹理(小叶间隔增厚)、肺内多发的浸润性病灶、胸腔积液及结节状肿块影.     

脑裂头蚴病的CT和MRI诊断

目的:探讨脑裂头蚴病的CT和MRI表现。方法:回顾性分析5例脑裂头蚴病患者的CT和MRI表现,其中5例行MRI检查,3例同时行CT检查。结果:CT和MRI均能发现脑裂头蚴痛患者脑内多发病灶。主要CT表现为脑内多发不规则斑片状低密度影,边界模糊;可见散在宽点状钙化2例,局部脑萎缩2例;增强后病灶呈环状、结节状强化。MRI显示病灶多位于白质区,于T_1WI呈低信号,T_2WI呈高信号,边界模糊,占位效应不明显,增强后呈结节状、环状、串状或扭曲索条状强化,以矢状面或冠状面图像上显示最佳;出现脑萎缩3例;对CT所见钙化显示不佳。结论:CT和MRI能检出脑裂头蚴病患者的脑内多发病灶,并具有一定特征性表现。     

肺吸虫病的影像学分析

目的探讨肺吸虫病的X线、CT和MR表现,提高对本病的认识。方法回顾性分析我院2005年10月至2008年12月,经抗体检测证实的17例肺吸虫病的影像表现特点。结果17例患者中,累及心脏6例（1例合并胸部病变,1例合并腹部病变）,主要表现为心包积液,其中2例合并房室增大;累及肺部及胸膜7例,X线胸片表现为斑片状浸润影、多房囊状阴影及钙化,胸膜改变以胸腔积液为主。累及脑部6例（其中1例合并胸部病变）,头颅CT表现为大片水肿带及环形病灶,2例见局限性蛛网膜下腔出血,1例合并左侧大脑后动脉内缘小动脉瘤;MRI平扫T1WI病灶呈环状高信号及“隧道”征,增强扫描见结节状、多发环状强化。结论影像学检查包括X线、CT及MRI对肺吸虫病的临床诊断具有重要价值,结合流行病史、临床表现、实验室检查,可作出明确诊断。     

多发结节型脑血吸虫病的MRI表现分析

目的 探讨多发结节型脑血吸虫病的MRI表现特征.方法 45例经手术病理或临床证实的多发结节型脑血吸虫病患者,常规行MRI平扫及增强扫描.对病变的部位、数目、信号改变、灶周水肿等几个方面进行回顾性分析.结果 多发结节型脑血吸虫病45例,增强扫描均呈多发大小不等均匀结节状强化.所有病例均可见结节融合和"局限分布"征象.多处病灶者16例,均可见"主体病灶",结论 多发结节的融合和"局限分布"征象、多处病灶的"主体病灶"表现是多发结节型脑血吸虫病的特征性MRI表现.     

儿童急性白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病的CT表现

目的 探讨儿童急性白血病并发侵袭性肺曲霉菌病(IPA)的CT特征.方法 回顾性分析经临床和痰培养证实的13例IPA患儿的临床、CT资料,13例均行胸部CT扫描,并进行了4～10次随访CT扫描.结果 首次CT表现:单发结节2例,多发结节影10例,结节伴晕征9例,胸膜下楔形实变影5例,其中4例胸膜下楔形实变影与肺部多发结节影并存.随访CT扫描结节病灶和楔形病灶内出现空洞或"空气新月征"11例,7例结节病灶和2例空洞病灶周围出现晕征.结论 IPA的CT表现具有一定的特征性,CT对观察该病的发展、演变及估计预后有重要的价值.     

结节肿块型肺隐球菌病的CT表现分析

目的 探讨结节肿块型肺隐球菌性肉芽肿的CT特征性表现.方法 回顾性分析31例经手术或穿刺及纤维支气管镜活检病理确诊的结节肿块型肺隐球菌性肉芽肿的CT表现.结果 ①本组31例患者单发结节或肿块15例,多发结节或肿块16例;②单侧肺发病26例（83.4％）,两肺发病5例;③28例患者病灶位于肺外周或胸膜下,余3例为三角形肿块与肺门影相连;④伴空洞形成6例,伴肺不张2例并液化坏死1例;⑤其中1例表现为弥漫多发结节伴斑片状混合病灶,并伴两侧胸腔少量积液;⑥19例可见肺血管深入病灶;⑦9例病变周围出现环状磨玻璃影呈“晕征”.结论 病灶位于肺外周或胸膜下、肺血管深入病灶及“晕征”为结节肿块型肺隐球菌病较为特征性的CT表现.     

儿童脑型肺吸虫病活动期的MRI表现

目的 研究早期活动性脑型肺吸虫病的MRI表现,提高对该病的早期诊断及治疗。方法 经酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）阳性的4例患儿,均经MRI常规SE序列扫描,1例行MR血管造影。回顾分析其MRI表现特点。结果 4例MRI均发现多发、不规则、大小不等的出血灶,部分围绕与出血灶不相称的水肿信号,即较小的出血灶伴有较大的水肿带,病灶随机分布,并呈聚集或迁移状,1例可见“隧道”征,早期表现为自中脑大脑脚上行至右侧丘脑的条状出血信号,出血吸收后形成长T1的隧道样表现。结论 MRI可清晰显示肺吸虫迁移引起的脑实质多发出血、炎性病变、水肿及特征性隧道形成,对肺吸虫脑病的活动期诊断具有重要价值。     

艾滋病合并肺部卡波西肉瘤的CT表现

【摘要】目的：探讨艾滋病合并肺部卡波西肉瘤的CT表现及特征。方法：回顾性分析19例艾滋病合并肺部卡波西肉瘤患者的临床及胸部CT表现。结果：19例艾滋病合并肺部卡波西肉瘤患者中,发现双肺内多发结节影16例,多发斑片状实变影8例;其中肺内结节影均沿支气管血管束分布。双肺支气管血管束增厚9例,同时合并小叶间隔增厚。纵隔淋巴结肿大10例,9例发现少量胸水,均累及双侧胸腔。19例患者均未发现病变累及段以上支气管内壁。17例患者发现卡波西肉瘤时,体内CD4+ T淋巴细胞计数低于100个/UL。结论：艾滋病合并肺部卡波西肉瘤患者胸部CT表现以双肺各叶多发结节影和斑片状实变影多见,肺内结节影多沿支气管血管束分布;斑片状实变影形态多不规则,类似火焰状为其特征性改变。     

异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性期肺部病变的CT分析

目的 分析异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性期肺部病变的CT表现及治疗后变化的影像特点.资料与方法 对近4年行异基因造血干细胞移植后生存期超过3个月的受者中发现胸部异常的35例患者的CT影像资料进行回顾性分析.结果 移植后慢性期胸部CT表现:9例旱局限叶或多叶的磨玻璃样改变,同时伴网状或网织结节状影;16例为散在胸膜下肺内团片状或斑点状影.伴支气管气像5例;5例表现为胸膜下肺内多发球形不均匀密度影与厚壁空洞并存;4例表现为下肺间质条索状密度影;1例为肺气囊.治疗过程中累计出现19个空洞,2例纵隔气肿.2例气胸,治疗时间约2～6个月.结论 异基因造血干细胞移植后慢性期肺部病变以肺间质病变为主,实变病灶好发于胸膜下且易合并真菌感染出现空洞,上肺较下肺好发.     

Physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck

The aim was to give a systematic presentation of physiologic and pathologic calcifications and ossifications in the face and neck with a special emphasis on clinical relevance. In a sometimes subacute setting one should recognize specific calcifications which often lead to important diagnoses such as fungal sinusitis or sclerosing labyrinthitis. In a more chronic situation intraocular calcifications in small children are pathognomonic for retinoblastoma. Juxtatumoral sclerosis of the laryngeal cartilage in laryngopharyngeal carcinoma is usually caused by tumor infiltration of the cartilage resulting in a higher tumor stage and, this way, has a major impact on the therapeutical strategy. Calcified lymph nodes are mainly unspecific but can be the result of tuberculosis or metastases of thyroid cancer. Cross-sectional imaging methods, most of all computed tomography, are ideally suited to reveal head and neck calcifications and ossifications, especially those which are clinically relevant.     

Head and neck infection and inflammation

This article discusses the imaging manifestations of infectious and inflammatory conditions of the head and neck. Special attention is paid to the sites, routes of spread, and complications of neck infections. Because the clinical signs and symptoms and the complications of these conditions are often determined by the precise anatomic site involved, anatomic considerations are stressed. Familiarity with the fascial layers, spaces of the neck, and the contents of each space is helpful for this discussion. The fascial layers of the neck are important barriers to infection, and once infection is established, the fascial layers play a part in directing its spread.     

Oxygen uptake and ventilation during rowing and running in females and males

This study evaluated if the ventilatory response to exercise is impaired by the cramp position of rowing. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal expiratory volume (VEmax), and maximal heart rate (HRmax) during rowing and running were compared in 55 males (age, mean +/- SD, 21 +/- 3 years; height 176 +/- 5 cm; body mass 72 +/- 6 kg) and 18 females (age 20 +/- 2 years; height 164 +/- 5 cm; body mass 61 +/- 4 kg). VEmax was larger during rowing than during running (males, 157 +/- 16 vs. 147 +/- 13 L min(-1); 114 +/- 9 vs. 105 +/- 11 L min(-1), P<0.01). Also VO2max was larger during rowing than during running (males, 4.5 +/- 0.5 vs. 4.3 +/- 0.4 L min(-1); females, 3.3 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.2 +/- 0.4 L min(-1), P<0.01). However, HRmax was lower during rowing than during running (males, 194 +/- 8 vs. 198 +/- 11 beats min(-1); females, 192 +/- 6 vs. 196 +/- 8 beats min(-1), P<0.05). VEmax was correlated to body mass and fat-free mass, as was VO2max. Thus, the oxygen pulse (VO2max/HRmax) was larger during rowing than during running, while the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen (VEmax/VO2max) was similar. We showed that bending the body during rowing does not seem to impair ventilation either in males or in females. The results indicate that VEmax and VO2max relate to body size and fat-free mass for both females and males. The findings indicate that the involvement of more muscles, the entrainment, and the body position during rowing facilitates ventilation and venous return and lowers maximal heart rate.     

幽门螺杆菌分泌与重组表达的VacA蛋白的分离纯化及其致细胞空泡效应与凋亡的对比研究

目的：分离纯化幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的细胞空泡毒素抗原（ VacA）蛋白,并评价其致细胞空泡效应及致细胞凋亡效应。方法分别从幽门螺杆菌ATCC26695菌株培养上清和重组表达VacA蛋白的pQE30-VacA-E．coliM15基因工程菌中分离纯化VacA蛋白,经酸化后,以不同终浓度（5,10 ng／ml）分别与人胃腺癌AGS细胞共孵24 h,观察致空泡效应,并通过流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡。结果成功分离纯化出幽门螺杆菌分泌和重组表达的VacA蛋白;幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白能显著引起AGS细胞的空泡样改变及凋亡（P＜0．01）,而重组表达的VacA蛋白致细胞空泡样改变及凋亡不显著（ P＞0．05）。结论幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白有良好的空泡毒性及致凋亡效应,而重组表达的VacA蛋白无致空泡及凋亡效应,幽门螺杆菌分泌的VacA蛋白可用于VacA作用机制的研究。     

化学和生物学融合对国际武器公约履约的影响

化学武器公约（ CWC）和生物武器公约（ BWC）是为禁止生产、发展、储存和使用化学武器和生物武器而制定的国际公约。近年来,科学技术快速发展,知识交叉渗透,学科之间出现整合和融合,促进了科技进步和经济发展。其中化学和生物学融合在有力促进制药、健康卫生、绿色化学和环境保护等产业进步的同时,也对化学和生物武器公约的履约产生了重要的影响。该文综述了与化学武器和生物武器公约相关的化学和生物学融合进展,并分析其对公约履约的影响。     

Old and dangerous: Prison and dementia

Older prisoners are the fastest growing group of prisoners in many countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the phenomenon of detention of persons suffering from dementia. Medline searches were conducted for relevant articles, chapters and books published until August 2016. Search terms included dementia, elderly, prison and criminal. Publications found through this indexed search were reviewed for further relevant references. As results, there is a lack of data about elderly with dementia in prisons. Given the rise in the average age, it is reasonable to hypothesize that the number of older prisoners is growing. Moreover, some elderly are imprisoned with a concomitant cognitive impairment or psychiatric disorder while others will develop such diseases once incarcerated. At the present time, legal and social systems seem unprepared to handle the phenomenon of dementia in prison. As proposal, health assessments for older first time offenders should become a practice inside the correctional facilities and include an evaluation for specific health issues, such as psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive impairment.     

Kidney and iodinated and gadolinium-based contrast agents

In patients with renal failure, iodinated contrast agents may cause acute deterioration of the renal function and gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) may cause nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF). The administration of a contrast agent must thus be reviewed for each patient and evaluation of renal function is paramount even though its estimation using formulas derived from the creatinine level may fluctuate. For iodinated contrast agents, contrast induced nephropathy is reduced by hydratation, preferably intravenous, when the GFR is less than 60 ml/min. The risk for intravenous injections is less than the risk for arterial injections, and the GFR threshold may be reduced to 45 ml/min. For gadolinium-based contrast agents, patients at risk for NSF are those with end-stage renal disease and patients undergoing dialysis. In such cases, the injection of a gadolinium-based contrast agent is only considered after a risk-benefit analysis has been completed, an alternate linear or macrocyclic agent issued and the dose limited to 0,1 mmol Gd/kg. Recently, recommendations from US and European agencies have converged. Learning objectives: to be familiar with the risk factors of CIN with iodinated contrast agents; to be familiar with hydration procedures for patients at risk of CIN; to be familiar with the diagnostic criteria of NSF; to be familiar with the classification of GBCA with regards to the risk of NSF; to be familiar with the contraindications of the different groups of GBCA.     

Coracoclavicular and coracoacromial ligament calcification and ossification

Thirty-six patients with calcification or ossification at or around the coracoclavicular and coracoacromial regions were analyzed with regard to type, location, and configuration of the deposits and related clinical history. Calcification or ossification in the coracoclavicular region resulted largely from trauma (36%) or renal failure (28%). Trauma patients may develop punctate calcification or ossification but do not develop the tumoral type of calcification. About 5% of the renal failure patients had coracoclavicular ligament calcifications, one-half of which were of the tumoral type. Renal failure patients may have punctate or tumoral calcifications but do not develop ossification.     

Cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons of self-reported and device-assessed physical activity and sedentary behaviour

ObjectivesTo examine the longitudinal associations and differences between self-reported and device-assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB), using a multifaceted statistical approach.DesignLongitudinal measurement burst.MethodsIn total, 52 university students (78% female) aged 18–38 years (mean = 21.94 ± 4.57 years) participated. The study consisted of three blocks of six days of measurement, during which participants wore an accelerometer on their wrist for the entire block, and self-reported their PA over the 6 days at the end of each block.ResultsMeaningful latent differences between methods were observed for moderate PA and SB across all three assessment periods, such that participants underreported the time spent in each activity. Bland–Altman plots revealed a positive mean difference for vigorous PA, with over-reporting increasing as mean levels increased. Negative mean differences were observed for all other intensities. Underreporting of moderate PA increased as the mean level increased, whereas for light PA and SB, underreporting decreased at high levels. Repeated measures correlations revealed a meaningful association for vigorous PA only, suggesting that as self-reported minutes increase so too do device-measured minutes.ConclusionsWe found evidence of cross-sectional and longitudinal differences and weak associations between self-reported and device-assessed PA and SB. Future work is needed to enhance the quality of self-reported methods to assess PA and SB (e.g., face and content validity), and consider improvements to the processing of device-based data.