负载肝癌抗原的人树突状细胞生物学特性的研究

目的探讨负载肝癌抗原的树突状细胞(DC)对自身CIK细胞的诱导增殖能力和杀伤能力.方法从人外周血分离获得单核细胞,体外经重组细胞因子(GM-CSF)、白细胞介素-4(IL-4)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)培养获得DC,电镜观察其形态,流式细胞仪检测其表面抗原,混合淋巴细胞反应检测负载肝癌抗原DC诱导CIK细胞增殖活性,检测激活的CIK对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用.结果经体外培养,从外周血分离获得的大量成熟DC,检测表明高表达DC的抗原标志,负载抗原的DC具有很强的激发同种CIK增殖的能力,激活的CIK对肝癌细胞系具有很强的杀伤作用.结论实验结果为肝癌的临床免疫治疗提供了理论基础.     

卵巢癌细胞株冻融抗原负载的树突状细胞诱导CTL抗卵巢癌免疫应答的体外研究

目的研究卵巢癌冻融抗原负载的树突状细胞(dendriticcells,DC)诱导细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)体外杀伤卵巢癌细胞的细胞毒性效应。方法利用免疫磁珠分离法(MACS)分离纯化脐血CD34 细胞并在体外诱导分化为DC,用反复冻融法从卵巢癌细胞系SKOV3中提取的可溶性相关抗原负载DC。流式细胞学检测负载抗原后DC表面各种分化相关抗原的表达,ELISA法检测DC上清中IL12的表达,混合淋巴细胞反应(MLR)测定DC体外刺激T细胞增殖的能力,MTT法检测抗原负载DC激活的抗原特异性CTL对卵巢癌细胞的杀伤作用。结果与未经抗原负载的DC相比,经卵巢癌抗原负载的DC不仅能更高地表达各种DC分化相关抗原CD1α(73.35%±2.94%vs34.1%±2.35%)、CD83(73.9%±8.46%vs54.68%±3.26%)、CD80(91.95%±2.48%vs52.53%±3.18%)、HLADR(70.05%±2.35%vs48.7%±2.07%)以及CD54(88.9%±5.52%vs71.45%±2.29%),同时具有更强的刺激同种异体T淋巴细胞增殖和IL12分泌的能力(P均<0.05)。此外,卵巢癌细胞SKOV3冻融抗原负载DC激活的CTL在体外对SKOV3的杀伤率为77.35%,显著高于未经抗原负载的DC(P=0.0001)。结论经卵巢癌细胞冻融抗原负载DC激活的CTL在体外具有更强的增殖能力和杀伤卵巢癌细胞的作用。     

体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽诱导抗原肽特异性免疫反应1

目的研究体外构建的HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物诱导针对肝癌的特异性免疫反应能力,为该复合物的临床应用奠定基础.方法在体外构建HSP70-肝癌抗原肽复合物,联合应用粒/巨细胞集落刺激因子(GM-CSF)及白介素-4(IL-4)直接从志愿者外周血中培养出DC;以HSP70、HSP70-肝癌抗原肽、抗原肽分别刺激DC,DC激活同源的T淋巴细胞产生细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL),检测其杀伤T2细胞和肝癌细胞系的能力.结果HSP70-抗原肽、抗原肽均可诱导CD8+的抗原肽特异性CTL,而前者的诱导效果更强.结论体外构建的HSP70-抗原肽复合物具有免疫原性,HSP70可以增强抗原肽诱导特异性免疫反应的能力,HSP70-抗原肽复合物有可能作为肽疫苗用于临床肿瘤免疫治疗.     

抗原负载的DC诱导CIK对MDA-MB-231细胞的杀伤活性研究

探讨乳腺癌相关抗原负载后树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞株的杀伤效应。采用密度梯度离心法获取外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),常规法诱导DC、CIK细胞;流式细胞技术分析测定细胞表型;用反复冻融法制备MDA-MB-231细胞的相关抗原,并测定抗原浓度;MTT法分别测定在四个不同效靶比时CIK、DC+CIK和抗原负载的DC+CIK三组效应细胞对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞的杀伤活性。结果:CIK细胞分别与DC和Ag-DC共培养后,可见CD3+CD56+双阳性表达细胞较培养前显著增加(P<0.05);将负载肿瘤相关抗原的DC与CIK共培养后,杀瘤活性明显提高(P<0.05)。提示,抗原负载的DC与CIK细胞共同孵育培养后,在相同效靶比时,对MDA-MB-231乳腺癌细胞杀伤效应与CIK细胞和DC-CIK两组效应细胞相比有显著提高,表明抗原负载后可提高CIK细胞对肿瘤细胞的杀伤活性,为乳腺癌临床生物免疫治疗提供实验室基础。     

两种白血病细胞抗原负载DC的体外诱导特异性CTL应答的比较

目的: 比较树突状细胞 (DC)与白血病细胞融合及白血病细胞冻融抗原负载DC两种白血病DC疫苗诱导抗原特异性CTL应答的能力。方法: 采用羟乙基淀粉 Ficoll两步法分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC), 通过贴壁 2h获得黏附的单核细胞, 用GM- CSF加IL- 4诱导培养 5d收获细胞。将细胞分为 4组: A组将K562细胞或原代慢性粒细胞白血病(CML)细胞在 500g/LPEG 100mL/LDMSO诱导下与DC融合; B组加入相应细胞数量的白血病细胞冻融抗原; C组将K562细胞或CML细胞与DC共培养; D组: 单独DC培养组。融合前以红色荧光染料PKH26标记K562细胞, 采用流式细胞仪(FCM)检测PKH26 /FITC 抗HLA ABC抗体双标细胞并评估融合率。培养的第 6天, 加入TNF -α诱导DC成熟, 然后分别与自体T细胞共培养, 用MTT比色法检测各组CTL对靶细胞的杀伤活性。结果: GM- CSF加IL -4和TNF- α依次诱导成熟的DC具有经典的DC的形态和表型特征, 在PEG -DMSO的介导下, DC与白血病细胞的融合率为 ( 17. 33 ~29. 94 )%。两种抗原负载方案激活的CTL均对表达K562抗原的细胞具有特异性的细胞毒作用。在效靶比相同时, 融合组诱导CTL的杀伤活性强于冻融抗原致敏DC组。结论: 与冻融抗原致敏的DC相比, DC与白血病细胞融合细胞递呈抗原的效率更高, 体外诱导的CTL特异性杀伤靶     

HBsAg脉冲的树突状细胞对CIK细胞功能的影响

目的:探讨HBsAg脉冲的树突状细胞(DC),对细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK)的增殖和杀伤作用的影响。方法:选择慢性乙肝患者23例,用常规方法分离外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),经HBsAg脉冲后培养为特异性的DC,用3H-TdR掺入法检测该细胞对CIK细胞增殖的刺激作用,用乳酸脱氢酶释放法检测特异性CIK细胞对HepG2215细胞的特异性杀伤作用。结果:HBsAg脉冲的DC对CIK细胞的增殖具有刺激作用。由HBsAg脉冲的DC所诱导的特异性CIK细胞对HepG2215细胞的特异性杀伤作用增强。结论:HBsAg脉冲的DC可增强CIK细胞的杀伤活性。     

脐血来源的树突状细胞增强CIK细胞的杀伤作用

为确认体外诱导出的成熟脐血来源树突状细胞 (CBDC )可以引发强大抗肿瘤免疫反应 ,CBDC培养 12d后用电镜分析形态 ,用流式细胞仪检测其表型。在不同培养时间 ,用3 H TdR掺入法检测CBDC和细胞因子诱导杀伤细胞 (CIK )的扩增功能 ;用MTT法检测被CBDC激活的CIK抗肿瘤活性。结果表明 ,体外诱导出形态典型的DC ,高表达主要组织相容性抗原I、II类分子、CD5 4 ,也表达CD80、CD83、CD1a,不表达CD6 8。体外培养 12d成熟的CBDC ,能使CIK以最高的比率扩增 ,2种细胞最佳混合比为 1∶10时被激活的CIK杀伤BEL 74 0 2肝癌细胞的功能最强 ,最佳效靶比为 80∶1     

T-exo 负载DC 诱导抗肝癌细胞免疫效应研究

目的:观察肝癌细胞来源的外泌体(T-exo)负载DC体外诱导细胞毒T细胞(CTL)对肝癌细胞的杀伤作用。方法:采用超滤离心技术联合蔗糖密度梯度超速离心的方法从肝癌Huh-7细胞培养上清液中分离外泌体(T-exo),透射电镜鉴定形态,Western blot检测外泌体相关蛋白CD9、CD63、HSP70及肿瘤抗原分子AFP的表达;分离健康供者外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)培养DC,流式细胞术鉴定负载T-exo的DC细胞表型;用2-(4-碘苯)-3-(4硝基苯)-5-(2,4-磺苯基四氮唑)-2H-四唑单钠盐-1(WST-1)法检测负载T-exo的DC刺激T淋巴细胞增殖情况;流式细胞术Annexin-V/PI双染法检测负载T-exo的DC诱导CTL分别对AFP阳性Huh-7细胞及AFP阴性的SMMC7721细胞的杀伤作用。结果:透射电镜下可见T-exo为圆形或椭圆形双层膜囊泡状小体,大小不等,平均直径50~100 nm,表达外泌体膜相关分子及肿瘤抗原分子。负载T-exo的DC可促进初始T细胞增殖,T-exo致敏DC对AFP阳性的Huh-7肝癌细胞系杀伤活性明显高于AFP阴性的SMMC7721肝癌细胞组(P0.05)及未负载T-exo的对照组DC(P0.05)。结论:负载T-exo的DC能促进T细胞增殖,提高CTL细胞的细胞毒活性诱导特异性的抗肝癌效应。经T-exo抗原致敏DC诱导的CTL对肝癌细胞有明显的细胞毒作用,明显高于DC对照组(P0.05)。     

树突状细胞体外诱导抗肿瘤血管内皮细胞特异性免疫的研究

目的:探讨肿瘤内皮细胞抗原负载的树突状细胞(DC)诱导的细胞毒性T淋巴细胞(CTL)的特异性杀伤效应。方法:采用肿瘤细胞的培养上清诱导人脐静脉血管内皮细胞(HUVEC)增殖,制备肿瘤血管衍生的内皮细胞(TdEC)。用RTPCR检测肿瘤内皮标志物(TEM)的表达。制备TdEC的冻融抗原,负载从外周血中扩增的DC,用MTS比色法检测DC刺激自体淋巴细胞增殖的效应;用LDH法检测DC诱导的CTL的特异性杀伤效应。结果:TdEC可表达TEM1和TEM8。负载TdEC抗原的DC,可显著刺激自体淋巴细胞增殖。由其诱导的CTL对TdEC具有特异性的杀伤作用。在效靶比为20∶1和10∶1时,杀伤率分别为33%和27%,高于对照组的14%和10%。结论:TdEC抗原负载的DC,在体外可有效地诱导CTL产生,并特异性地杀伤TdEC。     

自体肿瘤抗原致敏的树突状细胞联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞治疗晚期肾癌的疗效观察

目的探讨负载自体肿瘤抗原的树突状细胞(DC)联合细胞因子诱导的杀伤细胞(CIK细胞)在晚期肾癌治疗中的临床疗效,并监测患者的免疫状态及不良反应。方法回顾分析2011-01/2013-12期间在我科治疗的82例晚期肾癌患者,单采其外周血单个核细胞(PBMC),其中贴壁细胞经体外诱导产生DC,并负载自体肿瘤细胞裂解物(Ag)制备Ag-DC;T淋巴细胞经体外诱导产生CIK细胞,将Ag-DC与CIK细胞共培养制备Ag-DC-CIK瘤苗,检测DC表面分子的表达及IL-12的分泌,监测CIK细胞增殖情况,并将Ag-DC-CIK分次回输给其中41名患者,以41例单纯的CIK细胞治疗作为对照,治疗2疗程后,检测患者外周血细胞因子水平及T细胞亚群变化,结合影像学等检查综合评价疗效,同时观察不良反应。结果负载肿瘤细胞冻融抗原的DC,高表达CD11c、CD83、CD86、HLA-DR表面分子,IL-12的分泌显著增加。Ag-DC与CIK细胞共培养后,可明显刺激CIK细胞的增殖,同时CD3+CD8+细胞及CD3+CD56+细胞的含量明显增加,此外,Ag-DC-CIK瘤苗的临床疗效明显高于单纯CIK细胞治疗组,2组均未发生严重的不良反应。结论晚期肾癌PBMC来源的DC负载自身肿瘤细胞冻融抗原能提高晚期肾癌患者的免疫状态。     

On the possible origin of extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn

This study was undertaken to test Pierre Masson's still unconfirmed theory that extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells in the gut arise in adult life by budding from the crypts of Lieberkuhn under conditions of low grade inflammation. Appendices (900) were reviewed and 19 were selected for serial section study because in random sections they showed lateral fusion of the crypts, one of the key features described by Masson. Ten specimens without crypt fusion served as controls. Sixteen of the 19 study specimens and one of the control specimens showed budding, averaging one bud in every 88 sections. Most buds were in direct contact with Schwann cells in the adjacent lamina propria and 45 per cent of them contained enterochromaffin cells. There was also histologic evidence linking buds and lateral crypt fusion to low grade inflammation. Masson's ideas are, therefore, confirmed insofar as the existence of buds and their relationship to enterochromaffin cells, Schwann cells, and inflammation is concerned. The actual separation of buds from the crypts to form extra-epithelial enterochromaffin cells has yet to be proved.     

Survey of the morphogenetic dynamics of the ventricular surface of the developing mouse neocortex.

To understand the morphogenetic dynamics of the inner surface of the embryonic pallial (neocortical) wall, we immunohistochemically surveyed the cellular endfeet facing the lateral ventricle and found that the average endfoot area was minimal at embryonic day (E)12 in mice. This endfoot narrowing at E12 may represent a change in the mode of cell production at the surface from a purely proliferative mode that retains all daughter cells to a more differentiation-directed mode that allows some daughter cells to leave the surface. The apices of cells undergoing mitosis were 1.5-3.9 times larger than the overall cell apices and 6.7-8.7 times smaller than the cross-sectional area of mitotic somata. En face time-lapse monitoring of each endfoot permitted observation of its cell cycle-dependent size changes, division, and relationships with neighboring endfeet. Planar divisions oriented along the lateral-medial axis were less abundant than those oriented along the rostral-caudal axis at E10 and E11, but basal body distribution in each endfoot was random.     

Transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder with osteoclast-type giant cells: a report of two cases and review of the literature

We report two transitional cell carcinomas of the urinary bladder containing numerous osteoclast-type giant cells that stained for vimentin and acid phosphatase (with and without tartrate) and were negative for cytokeratin and lysozyme. One tumour, in a 65-year-old man, was composed of papillary transitional cell carcinoma, invasive poorly differentiated carcinoma with a prominent spindle cell component and numerous osteoclast-type giant cells; repeat curettage 2 months later showed no residual tumour. The second tumour occurred in a 75-year-old woman who underwent a radical cystectomy for a deeply invasive transitional cell carcinoma with a spindle and anaplastic giant cell component and areas containing numerous osteoclast-type giant cells. Osteoclast-type giant cells, which appear to be reactive, should be distinguished from the neoplastic giant cells of giant cell carcinoma.     

Fusiform nerve cells of the granular layer in the cerebellar cortex of the baboon

The granular layer of the cerebellar cortex of the baboon contains a heterogeneous population of large nerve cells. Besides the well known Golgi cells there is a fusiform type of nerve cell which is mostly encountered immediately underneath the Purkinje cell layer. The fusiform nerve cells can be distinguished from Golgi cells not only in Golgi-impregnated material but also in Nissl-stained preparations. The fusiform nerve cells are evenly distributed throughout the superficial portions of the granular layer. The ratio of the Purkinje cells versus fusiform nerve cells is 4:1.     

两种不同纯度的嗅鞘细胞在体外存活与生长的比较

比较80%和50%两种纯度的嗅鞘细胞在体外培养条件下的存活与生长,为嗅鞘细胞体内移植选用最佳纯度提供依据。分离、培养并纯化成年SD大鼠嗅鞘细胞,将纯化的嗅鞘细胞和收集到的贴壁成纤维细胞进行约80%和50%的比例混合后接种,继续培养1d或3d。所有细胞于不同时间点行P75免疫细胞化学荧光染色,以鉴定嗅鞘细胞的初始及其后培养过程中数量和纯度的变化。观察细胞状态,计数细胞总数和P75免疫阳性细胞数目,求得各组嗅鞘细胞数量和纯度并行统计学分析。结果显示:两种不同纯度嗅鞘细胞在培养1d时形态正常,3d时纯度为50%的嗅鞘细胞胞体依然饱满,突起更加纤长,数量和纯度亦无明显下降。而纯度为80%的嗅鞘细胞在培养3d时已出现胞体萎缩和突起变短,数量从1d时每一观察区域内的35±13显著下降为23±5(P=0.02),但纯度未发生明显变化。结果表明50%纯度嗅鞘细胞的存活及生长状态优于80%者,提示细胞体内移植时应考虑选取50%纯度的嗅鞘细胞。     

E-cadherin maintains the activity of neural stem cells and inhibits the migration

Cadherins are important adhesion molecules that mediate adhesions and communications between cells. These molecules participate in the formation and maintenance of multicellular organisms including the stem cells. E-cadherin is one of the classic cadherins which is reported to be essential for the survival and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells. Moreover, it could induce cell proliferation inhibitory signaling to regulate cell proliferation. In our study, we over-expressed and silenced E-cadherin in NSCs by lentiviral ways. Transgenic cells were confirmed by both quantitative RT-PCR and western blot. Results of MTT assay showed that over-expression of E-cadherin could enhance the cell activity. Furthermore, we performed Transwell chamber assay to analyze its role in regulation of cell migration. The results showed that the migration percent of over-expression cells was lower than control. Our results indicated that E-caherin would maintain the stemness of NSCs and reduce cells migration.     

造血干细胞移植后免疫重建

造血干细胞移植（HSCT）已广泛应用于临床,是治疗血液系统疾患、实体瘤、基因缺陷及自身免疫性疾病的重要手段干细胞移植伴随着严重的免疫缺陷,这一时期,患者有合并严重感染的风险固有免疫恢复迅速．NK细胞、树突状细胞移植后数周内即可恢复。而适应性免疫系统恢复缓慢,T细胞和B细胞移植后数月才可恢复正常,而T细胞功能恢复需要数年的时间：研究造血系统各细胞存移植后数量、功能上的恢复规律,对如何加快免疫重建,降低移植死亡率有重要意义.     

新生大鼠神经干细胞的分离培养与观察

目的 建立神经干细胞的分离，培养及分化鉴定技术；观察神经干细胞生长，增殖及分化的特点，方法 分离新生SD大鼠脑室下区的组织，经消化及机械吹打后，采用原代贴壁及传代悬浮的方法，培养获得细胞克隆。应用免疫细胞化学方法及透射电镜检测技术，鉴定神经干细胞和分化的神经细胞，结果 从新生SD大鼠脑室下区分离的组织，经原代和传代培养均可形成细胞克隆，并具增殖的能力，原代和传代细胞抗原-nestin呈阳性，分化后的细胞可表达神经元，星形角质细胞和少突角质细胞的特异性抗原。结论 用此方法分离的细胞具有自我更新和分化潜能，有很强的增殖能力，是属于中枢神经系统的干细胞。     

Recommendations for the reporting of resected neoplasms of the kidney

The Association of Directors of Anatomic and Surgical Pathology has developed recommendations for the surgical pathology reporting of common malignant tumors. The recommendations for renal cell neoplasms are reported herein.This report was prepared by an ad hoc committee composed of Lucien E. Nochomovitz (Chair), Sonny L. Johansson, Maria Merino, and Kevin O. Leslie     

多能干细胞制备方法的研究进展及问题

多能干细胞为研究疾病的分子机制、药物筛选及再生医学应用提供理想的细胞来源,然而,当前多能干细胞的来源或制备方法面临众多瓶颈和挑战,本文回顾了多能干细胞制备方法的最新研究进展,为多能干细胞的后续研究提供思路。