小脑扁桃体下疝30例磁共振诊断分析

目的：探讨小脑扁桃体下疝畸形的MRI表现,并评价其临床应用价值。方法：回顾性分析30例Chiari畸形患者的MRI资料与临床资料。结果：30例Chiari畸形患者小脑扁桃体疝至枕大孔平面下方5～26 mm。20例合并脊髓空洞,枕大孔层面延前池前后径宽度为0～5 mm,10例无脊髓空洞,延前池宽度为4.5～6 mm,5例合并颅颈交界区畸形,4例合并脑积水。结论：MRI是Chiari畸形最重要的检查手段,对临床诊断及治疗具有指导意义。     

脊髓空洞的MRI诊断与鉴别诊断

目的分析18例各种原因所致脊髓空洞的MRI表现及鉴别诊断。方法18例脊髓空洞病例，全部病例经手术或治疗随访证实。MRI重点观察脊髓及其空洞的形态和信号特征。结果18例脊髓空洞中，脊髓肿瘤性空洞7例、Chiari畸形所致5例、创伤后空洞4例、自发性脊髓空洞2例；空洞累及颈或胸髓，空洞均位于脊髓中央管，范围从2～13个脊髓节段不等，空洞内信号变化同脑脊液。但不同原因的空洞又有各自不同的合并症或特点。结论脊髓空洞主要由于脊髓肿瘤、Chiari畸形、创伤、自发性脊髓空洞等引起，不同病因空洞的MRI表现各不相同，据此可进行鉴别诊断。     

Chiari畸形的低场MRI诊断价值

目的探讨Chiari畸形的低场MRI表现,评价低场MRI对Chiari畸形的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析封丘县人民医院诊断为Chiari畸形的18例患者的MRI影像学资料及临床资料。结果小脑扁桃体下疝至枕大孔平面下5~19 mm,其中伴脊髓空洞症11例,伴脑积水5例,二者并存1例,合并颅底凹陷症1例。结论低场MRI可清晰显示后颅凹、脊髓的解剖结构,并可显示颅底及其他发育异常,是Chiari畸形的最佳影像学诊断方法,对其临床治疗及预后判断具有重要参考价值。     

枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 回顾性分析枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的疗效.方法 采用枕大池成形术(后颅凹减压+硬脑膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除+蛛网膜粘连松解)治疗17例Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者.对其近期疗效和远期疗效进行总结.结果 近期疗效:17例患者术后临床症状消失或改善15例(有效率为90%),MRI检查提示下疝扁桃体消失,脊髓空洞缩小.远期疗效:MRI检查提示枕大池成形,脊髓空洞消失或明显变细,脊髓蛛网膜下腔增宽.治疗有效12例(有效率70%).结论 枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症效果满意,是一种较为合理的治疗方法.     

枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 回顾性分析枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的疗效.方法 采用枕大池成形术(后颅凹减压+硬脑膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除+蛛网膜粘连松解)治疗17例Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者.对其近期疗效和远期疗效进行总结.结果 近期疗效:17例患者术后临床症状消失或改善15例(有效率为90%),MRI检查提示下疝扁桃体消失,脊髓空洞缩小.远期疗效:MRI检查提示枕大池成形,脊髓空洞消失或明显变细,脊髓蛛网膜下腔增宽.治疗有效12例(有效率70%).结论 枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症效果满意,是一种较为合理的治疗方法.     

枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症

目的 回顾性分析枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症的疗效.方法 采用枕大池成形术(后颅凹减压+硬脑膜成形+小脑扁桃体切除+蛛网膜粘连松解)治疗17例Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症患者.对其近期疗效和远期疗效进行总结.结果 近期疗效:17例患者术后临床症状消失或改善15例(有效率为90%),MRI检查提示下疝扁桃体消失,脊髓空洞缩小.远期疗效:MRI检查提示枕大池成形,脊髓空洞消失或明显变细,脊髓蛛网膜下腔增宽.治疗有效12例(有效率70%).结论 枕大池成形术治疗Chiari畸形合并脊髓空洞症效果满意,是一种较为合理的治疗方法.     

Chiari畸形的MRI特征及临床意义

目的　探讨Chiari畸形的MRI特征及临床意义。方法　回顾 12 8例Chiari畸形患者行MRI矢状位T1WI、T2 WI扫描情况。结果　MRI显示 12 8例中全部有小脑扁桃体下疝及颅后窝容积减小 ,合并脊髓空洞 96例 (75 % ) ,颅底凹陷 5 3例 (4 1% ) ,寰枕融合 3 6例 (2 8% ) ;结合MRI特征行手术治疗 ,总有效率为 92 %。结论　MRI能清晰显示后脑及脊髓的解剖结构 ,为诊断Chiari畸形的首选检查手段 ,可结合其特征 ,采取不同的手术方式。     

Chiari畸形的影像学诊断（附67例分析）

目的探讨Chiari畸形的临床及影像学诊断,评价X线、CT和MR对Chiari畸形的诊断价值。方法收集67例资料完整的Chiari畸形患者的X线、CT和MR影像学资料并进行分析。结果小脑扁桃体下疝至枕大孔平面下5～30 mm,其中21例摄头颅及颈椎X片,表现为颅底凹陷16例,寰枕融合4例,寰锥缺如1例。CT扫描25例,表现为脑积水13例,脊髓空洞8例,2者同时存在的4例。MRI检查67例,表现为小脑扁桃体下疝67例,合并其他畸形的41例,其中脑积水19例,脊髓空洞10例,颅底凹陷9例,寰锥缺如1例,寰枕融合2例。结论MRI可清晰显示后颅凹及颅颈交界结构,并可显示颅底及其他发育异常,为诊断Chiari畸形的最佳影像学检查方法。但对颈椎了、颅骨的异常不如CT和X线。     

ChiariⅠ型畸形的临床表现及MRI诊断

本文对20例ChiariⅠ型畸形患者的临床表现及MRI特点进行回顾性总结分析，认为ChiariⅠ型畸形临床表现无特异住，易误诊漏诊。MRI检查可清楚完善地显示后颅窝解剖结为及病变形态，还可直接观察并有的脊髓空洞全貌，因而MRI特别适于诊断ChiariⅠ型畸形。     

Chiari畸形的影像学诊断(附67例分析)

目的探讨Chiari畸形的临床及影像学诊断,评价X线、CT和MR对Chiari畸形的诊断价值。方法收集67例资料完整的Chiari畸形患者的X线、CT和MR影像学资料并进行分析。结果小脑扁桃体下疝至枕大孔平面下5～30 mm,其中21例摄头颅及颈椎X片,表现为颅底凹陷16例,寰枕融合4例,寰锥缺如1例。CT扫描25例,表现为脑积水13例,脊髓空洞8例,2者同时存在的4例。MRI检查67例,表现为小脑扁桃体下疝67例,合并其他畸形的41例,其中脑积水19例,脊髓空洞10例,颅底凹陷9例,寰锥缺如1例,寰枕融合2例。结论MRI可清晰显示后颅凹及颅颈交界结构,并可显示颅底及其他发育异常,为诊断Chiari畸形的最佳影像学检查方法。但对颈椎了、颅骨的异常不如CT和X线。     

Guns and Knives in New Mexico: Patterns of Penetrating Trauma, 1978–1993

Objective: To identify patterns of nonfatal and fatal penetrating trauma among children and adults in New Mexico using ED and medical examiner data.
Methods: The authors retrospectively sampled in 5-year intervals all victims of penetrating trauma who presented to either the state Level-1 trauma center or the state medical examiner from a 16-year period (1978–1993). Rates of nonfatal and fatal firearm and stabbing injury were compared for children and adults.
Results: Rates of nonfatal injury were similar (firearm, 34.3 per 100,000 person-years; stabbing, 35.1). However, rates of fatal injury were significantly different (firearm, 21.9; stabbing, 2.7; relative risk: 8.2; 95% confidence interval: 5.4, 12.5). From 1978 to 1993, nonfatal injury rates increased for children (p = 0.0043) and adults (p < 0.0001), while fatal penetrating injury remained constant. The increase in nonfatal injury in children resulted from increased firearm injury rates. In adults, both stabbing and firearm nonfatal injury rates increased.
Conclusions: Nonfatal injury data suggest that nonfatal violence has increased; fatal injury data suggest that violent death rates have remained constant. Injury patterns vary by age, mechanism of trauma, and data source. These results suggest that ED and medical examiner data differ and that both are needed to guide injury prevention programs.     

Systematic Reviews Published in the January 2011 Issue of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly as a DVD and monthly online. The January 2011 issue (first quarterly DVD for 2011) contains 4515 complete reviews, 1985 protocols for reviews in production, and 13,521 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 641,000 randomized controlled trials, and 14,018 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 9300 citations. One hundred and seven new reviews have been published in the last 3 months, of which five have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Interprofessional approaches to creating safe,high quality health care

Three supplementary perspectives are presented arguing that interprofessional collaboration is both necessary and desirable. Nonetheless, there are often too many serious intra-professional barriers and obstacles to interprofessional collaboration to make it successful. Some of these barriers, it is argued and illustrated, are found in the multiple ways in which professional identity is tacitly acquired and embodied in the practitioners' habitual, everyday practice. The paper then explores ways in which reflection, especially Second order reflection, can help to elucidate and overcome these obstacles, as well as increasing professional adaptability and competence.     

Prise en charge des entorses externes de cheville : étude clinique préliminaire sur l’efficacité du dispositif Myolux™

Ankle sprains are the most common injury of the musculoskeletal system and are associated with significant societal and economic impacts. It has been proven that classical therapeutic strategies may not be effective in preventing recurrent injuries: the recurrence rates reported in the literature can reach 73%. In order to provide an effective rehabilitation solution, a destabilizing orthosis was developed. This device is equipped with a mechanical articulator reproducing the subtalar mechanics and placed under the heel. In this paper, we present the main results of a preliminary clinical study conducted between 2004 and 2007. All subjects included in this study were treated with the abovementioned orthosis during 10 rehabilitation sessions of 30 minutes each. Data show a relatively low recurrence rate of 12% for the overall population. Moreover, it's of primary importance to note that this satisfactory ratio is largely reduced (3% of recurrence rate) for the 29 patients who performed one training session per month after the 10th initial rehabilitation sessions. Hence, the destabilizing orthosis appears to be an effective solution to prevent recurrent ankle sprains. However, joint protection requires long-term and regular training sessions. This result has motivated the development of a similar device allowing patients to perform training sessions at home. Finally, data obtained in this study are promising awaiting the final results of the comparative, multicentric and independent clinical trials currently managed by the Hospices Civils de Lyon.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.