经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折的初步观察

目的：探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗严重骨质疏松性椎体骨折的临床效果。方法：采用新型注射材料磷酸钙骨水泥（cacium phosphat cement,CPC)对6例严重骨质疏松性椎体骨折病人（共14个椎体），在C型臂X线机透视下行经皮经椎弓根CPC注入椎体成形术，平均随访3个月。结果：所有病人腰背痛症状均在术后8-24h基本缓解。5例术前因疼痛不能坐立的病人术后卧床24h后均能坐起，随访2-4个月病情稳定。结论：采用CPC经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折操作简单，较安全，可有效缓解疼痛。     

气囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的初步报告

目的：初步评价气囊扩张后突成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的手术操作、安全性、及疗效。方法：观察21例骨质疏松患者，30节椎体，新鲜骨折24椎节，陈旧性骨折6椎节，均有局部腰背疼痛，无神经症状。C-arm透视下，两侧同时经皮穿刺，气囊扩张骨折复位后，骨水小泥灌注入椎体。随访4-7月。记录患者局部止痛的疗效，骨折的复位，及并发症等情况。结果：完全止痛14例，部分止痛7例，24节新鲜骨折气囊扩张的复位率是28.2％，6节陈旧性骨折复位率是2.1％。并发症2例，骨水泥外漏到椎间隙。其他椎体再次骨折2例，余无疼痛复发及椎体高度丢失。结论：气囊扩张后突成形术能恢复脊柱的稳定性，部分矫正脊柱后突，止痛疗效好，创伤小，并发症少，值得推广。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致腰背疼痛

目的：评价经皮椎体成形术(percutaneous vertebroplasty，PVP)治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致疼痛的效果。方法：32例(67个压缩性椎体)行经椎弓根路径PVP治疗。压缩椎骨注射骨水泥量为4～12ml。结果：全组得到随访，随访时间为3～9个月。疼痛范围仅限于压缩椎体部位者15例，其中11例术后疼痛消失，4例疼痛缓解，有效率100％；压缩椎体部位同时伴非压缩椎体部位疼痛者17例，其中术后疼痛消失6例，减轻4例，无效7例，有效率58．8％。总有效率为78．1％。并发骨水泥外漏9例(椎旁漏5例、椎管内静脉丛漏3例、椎间盘内漏1例)，但未出现不良后果。结论：PVP治疗老年性骨质疏松性椎体骨折所致腰背疼痛尤其是一种疗效较好的方法。     

椎体后凸成形术后疼痛的原因分析

目的探讨椎体后凸成形术治疗椎体压缩骨折术后疼痛的原因。方法 8例骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折行椎体后凸成形术后仍然疼痛原因:2例出现骨水泥渗漏;3例术中出现椎弓根骨折;2例随访中出现邻近节段骨折;1例术后检查发现转移性病理骨折。骨水泥渗漏和椎弓根骨折患者给予镇痛和卧床休息及继续抗骨质疏松治疗,2例邻近节段骨折再次行椎体后凸成形术,1例转移性病理骨折进行放化疗。结果 8例随访3～12个月,平均7个月,7例骨质疏松性骨折治疗前VAS(3.5±1.5)分,治疗后VAS(1.2±0.5)分;1例病理性骨折治疗前VAS评分为4分,随访时VAS为1.3分。结论椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折术后疼痛原因包括骨水泥渗漏、椎弓根骨折、邻近节段骨折等,应对术后疼痛进行个体化处理。     

气囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的初步报告

目的:初步评价气囊扩张后突成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的手术操作、安全性、及疗效。方法:观察21例骨质疏松患者,30节椎体,新鲜骨折24椎节,陈旧性骨折6椎节,均有局部腰背疼痛,无神经症状。C-arm透视下,两侧同时经皮穿刺,气囊扩张骨折复位后,骨水泥灌注入椎体。随访4～7月。记录患者局部止痛的疗效,骨折的复位,及并发症等情况。结果:完全止痛14例,部分止痛7例,24节新鲜骨折气囊扩张的复位率是28.2％,6节陈旧性骨折复位率是2.1％。并发症2例,骨水泥外漏到椎间隙。其他椎体再次骨折2例,余无疼痛复发及椎体高度丢失。结论:气囊扩张后突成形术能恢复脊柱的稳定性,部分矫正脊柱后突,止痛疗效好,创伤小,并发症少,值得推广。     

气囊扩张椎体后凸成形术的初步报告

目的:初步评价气囊扩张后突成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的手术操作、安全性、及疗效.方法:观察21例骨质疏松患者,30节椎体,新鲜骨折24椎节,陈旧性骨折6椎节,均有局部腰背疼痛,无神经症状.C-arm透视下,两侧同时经皮穿刺,气囊扩张骨折复位后,骨水泥灌注入椎体.随访4～7月.记录患者局部止痛的疗效,骨折的复位,及并发症等情况.结果:完全止痛14例,部分止痛7例,24节新鲜骨折气囊扩张的复位率是28.2%,6节陈旧性骨折复位率是2.1%.并发症2例,骨水泥外漏到椎间隙.其他椎体再次骨折2例,余无疼痛复发及椎体高度丢失.结论:气囊扩张后突成形术能恢复脊柱的稳定性,部分矫正脊柱后突,止痛疗效好,创伤小,并发症少,值得推广.     

经皮椎体成型术治疗高龄骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的探讨经皮椎体成形术治疗高龄骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的疗效。方法自2003年11月至2008年3月,对80岁以上高龄骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折患者23例、26个椎体实行经皮椎体成形术。男8例,女15例;年龄80～92岁,平均84．2岁。术前对患者进行全面检查,一般状况平稳,无凝血及神经功能障碍、能耐受手术者行手术。术前CT检查明确病椎椎体后壁的完整性并用自行研制椎体定位器定位,术中应用C型臂X线机透视下经单侧椎弓根手术入路,平均骨水泥注射量2～5mL左右。术前后应用疼痛视觉模拟评定法评分,并观察术中、术后并发症。术后X线CT检查了解骨水泥填充情况。结果所有患者术中手术顺利,术后1周疼痛明显减轻或消失。术前、术后1h、48h、1周评分分别为（8．81±1．5）分、（4．04±1．21）分、（2．0±1．1）分、（1．6±0．9）分。术前、术后比较差异有显著性（P〈0．05）。骨水泥填充满意。经过6～30个月（平均10个月）随访,1例发生其他椎体骨折再次行椎体成形术。患者主观满意程度,其中完全满意16例,满意6例,较满意1例。结论经皮椎体成形术是一种治疗高龄老年骨质疏松椎体骨折的微创手术,能有效缓解骨质疏松性椎体骨折引起的疼痛,维持椎体稳定性,提高老年患者的生活质量,是治疗骨质疏松性骨折的一种有效方法。     

球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合

目的探讨球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合的疗效。方法自2004年2月～2007年1月，对13例15个椎体发生骨不愈合的骨质疏松性椎体骨折患者行球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗。术中采用经双侧椎弓根穿刺，置入2枚可扩张球囊使骨折塌陷椎体复位，灌注骨水泥充填由球囊扩张所形成的椎体内空腔。通过观察术后症状改善及骨折复位情况来评估其疗效。结果所有患者随访4～35个月，平均24．7个月。全部患者均顺利完成手术，无症状性并发症发生。术后疼痛即刻明显减轻或消失，l～2d后下地活动。术后椎体高度平均恢复率61．5％，后凸畸形Cobb角平均矫正8．5^o，术前与术后比较差异有统计学意义（t=8．987，P〈0．05）。疼痛视觉模拟评分由术前8．4分降至2．1分。结论球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体骨折骨不愈合可有效缓解疼痛、改善功能及恢复脊柱序列，是治疗椎体骨不愈合的较好微刨方法之一。     

经皮椎体成形术治疗老年人骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折

目的评价经皮椎体成形术治疗老年人骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折的治疗效果并分析原因。方法回顾性分析2005年1月至2009年1月治疗老年骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折共89例,其中男性43例,女性46例,年龄65～83岁,平均73．3岁。病程1～26d,平均4．3d。手术在局麻下进行,采用经皮、椎弓根向椎体内穿针,在C型臂x线机监视下,向椎体内注射聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯骨水泥。治疗分为两组：单个椎体骨折A组48例,多个椎体骨折B组（两个椎体骨折38例,3个椎体骨折3例）41例。术前所有患者均有腰背部疼痛及功能障碍症状,两组患者年龄、性别、病程、术前疼痛视觉模拟评分（visual analogue scale,VAS）和功能障碍评分（oswestry disability index,ODI）差异无统计学意义,术后比较VAS及0DI变化评价疗效。结果所有患者均穿刺成功,注射骨水泥2～6mL,平均3．2mL。7例骨水泥渗漏至前方或侧方,5例少量骨水泥渗漏至椎管内静脉丛,3例骨水泥椎间盘内漏,均无不适症状,1例术后出现心绞痛转科治疗后好转。全部病例随防6～23个月,平均14．3个月。A组和B组术后3d、术后3个月、末次随访时VAS及ODI评分与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）,A组和B组之间术后3d、术后3个月、末次随访时VAs评分及0DI评分比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论经皮椎体成形术能够有效缓解骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折引起的疼痛及功能障碍症状,可以增加椎体的强度,是一种操作简单、安全、有效的微创治疗方法。尤其是单个椎体骨折者,可以获得比较满意的临床疗效,对多个椎体骨折者需要增加其他辅助治疗措施。     

CT或C型臂引导经皮椎体成形术

目的探讨CT或C型臂引导下经皮椎体成形术治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折的早期临床效果及骨水泥渗漏的预防。方法2001年8月～2006年4月，55例（59个椎体）骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折患者在CT或C型臂引导下，经皮椎弓根向椎体内穿针并注入聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（PMMA）。术后CT和X线片观察骨水泥的分布和渗漏情况，并进行临床疗效评价，观察有无并发症发生。结果患者术后12h～3d疼痛明显减轻或消失。1例患者造影剂渗漏广泛而放弃注射PMMA，其余54例患者平均每个椎体注入骨水泥4．5mL，影像学检查骨水泥充满良好，骨折复位满意。55例骨质疏松症患者中39例完全缓解，12例部分缓解，4例轻度缓解。2个椎体出现骨水泥渗漏，1个椎体有椎管内少量渗漏，1个椎体出现椎旁渗漏，均未引起临床症状。对48例患者进行8～60个月（平均33.1个月）随访，治疗部位疼痛无明显加重，椎体形态无改变。结论经皮椎体成形术是治疗骨质疏松椎体压缩性骨折安全有效的微创技术。限量骨水泥注射法是预防骨水泥渗漏的关键。     

椎体后凸成形术并发症的防治

目的 探讨椎体后凸成形术并发症发生的原因以及预防措施。方法 通过回顾分析，2003年6月～2005年12月，笔者对41例（49节椎）骨质疏松性胸腰椎骨折行椎体后凸成形术。C型臂X线机透视下，经椎弓根穿刺到伤椎，球囊扩张后灌入骨水泥。根据术前、术中、术后影像学检查，分析手术并发症的原因。结果 41例随访3～24个月，平均12．2个月。疼痛消失36例，留有轻度疼痛4例，疼痛无好转1例。40例对治疗满意，1例不满意。并发症：骨水泥漏7例，腰部穿刺部位血肿2例，肋间神经痛1例，不全性肠梗阻1例，骨水泥致椎体骨折1例。结论 手术适应证的掌握和手术技术的提高是预防椎体后凸成形术并发症关键因素。     

Osteoporosebedingte Wirbelkörperfrakturen

Vertebral compression fractures are among the most common forms of manifestations of osteoporosis. Conservative treatment comprises adequate analgesia, osteoporosis medication and individualized physiotherapy or braces. Nevertheless, vertebral compression fractures frequently lead to persisting pain and decrease daily activity and quality of life. In these cases, kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty can be efficient treatment options. Vertebroplasty is a minimally invasive procedure, in which bone cement is filled into the vertebral body under fluoroscopic control. In most cases, this internal stabilization leads to a rapid reduction in pain. Kyphoplasty additionally aims to correct the kyphotic deformation of the broken vertebra via introducing and inflating a balloon catheter. There is broad clinical experience with both procedures. For kyphoplasty, randomized controlled trials showed significant improvements in pain and quality of life in patients undergoing kyphoplasty. However, cement leakages lead to rare but severe complications such as pulmonary embolism and nerve palsies.     

经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折术后发生继发性椎体骨折的危险因素分析

目的 分析骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折(OVCF)患者行经皮穿刺椎体后凸成形术(PKP)后发生继发性椎体骨折的情况及相关危险因素.方法 对2005年7月至2007年10月行PKP手术治疗的95例OVCF患者(135个椎体),动态监测其术后状态及正常椎体继发骨折与否;对其临床相关参数如性别、骨质疏松原因、骨折部位、矢状面成角、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥椎间隙渗漏、椎体高度恢复、术后支具佩戴、抗骨质疏松治疗及原发骨折类型进行统计学分析,以筛选出发生继发性骨折的相关危险因素.结果 所有患者术后随访10～35个月(平均18个月);其中19例(20.0%)患者25个(18.5%)正常椎体(22个位于手术节段邻近上下椎体)术后发生继发性骨折;其中12例患者的继发骨折在术后3个月内发生.继发性骨质疏松骨折、骨水泥椎间隙渗漏及新鲜椎体骨折是PKP治疗OVCF后发生继发性椎体骨折的危险因素(P＜0.05).结论 OVCF进行PKP手术后部分患者可能在术后早期发生继发性椎体骨折,其发生与骨质疏松原因、术中骨水泥椎间隙渗漏及新鲜椎体骨折相关.     

PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关因素分析

目的探讨骨质疏松性椎体压缩骨折经皮椎体后凸成形(PKP)术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关因素。方法回顾性分析自2010-06—2015-06行PKP的单节段骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折254例,其中36例相邻椎体再骨折(骨折组),218例纳入未骨折组。采用单因素Logistic回归分析年龄、性别、骨密度、术前责任节段、责任节段终板情况、骨水泥注入方式、骨水泥注入量、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘、术后责任椎高度恢复率、术后正规抗骨质疏松治疗与PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折的相关性。结果 254例获得平均13.4(12~18)个月随访。36例出现相邻椎体骨折,再骨折率14.2%。单因素Logistic回归分析提示,年龄、性别、术前责任节段、责任节段终板情况、骨水泥注入方式、骨水泥渗漏至椎间盘与术后相邻椎体再骨折无明显相关性(P0.05),而骨密度、骨水泥注入量、椎体高度恢复率、术后是否正规抗骨质疏松治疗与PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折可能相关(P0.05)。结论骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折PKP术后相邻椎体再骨折可能与患者骨质疏松严重程度、术中骨水泥注入量、术后责任椎高度恢复率以及是否正规抗骨质疏松治疗密切相关。     

椎体后凸成形术治疗多发性老年骨质疏松脊柱骨折

目的 探讨应用球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术(Kyphoplasty)治疗多发性老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折的疗效和安全性。方法 治疗8例17椎多发性老年骨质疏松性脊柱骨折,患者均不伴神经损伤,术前X线及MRI检查证实多发性脊柱骨折,手术在C型臂X线机透视下进行,经皮穿刺,置入可扩张球囊于伤椎塌陷终板前下方,扩张球囊提升终板以恢复椎体高度,在持续X线监视下注入骨水泥强化椎体,同法完成各伤椎的操作。结果 8例17椎均顺利完成手术,术后无脊髓神经根受损表现,48h内疼痛均缓解。X线片复查示伤椎高度基本恢复,后凸畸形大部矫正,未发现并发症。结论 球囊扩张椎体后凸成形术治疗多发性老年骨质疏松脊柱骨折安全有效。     

Percutaneous vertebral augmentation: an elevation in adjacent-level fracture risk in kyphoplasty as compared with vertebroplasty.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT: Osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VCFs) are being increasingly treated with minimally invasive bone augmentation techniques such as kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty. Both are reported to be an effective means of pain relief; however, there may be an increased risk of developing subsequent VCFs after such procedures. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness and complication profile of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty in a single patient series. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING: A clinical series of 36 patients with VCFs treated by vertebral augmentation procedures was retrospectively analyzed for surgical approach, volume of cement injected, cement extravasation (symptomatic and asymptomatic), the occurrence of subsequent adjacent level fracture, and pain relief. PATIENT SAMPLE: Thirty-six patients with 46 VCFs underwent either kyphoplasty or vertebroplasty after failing conservative therapy. The mean patient age was not significantly different between the kyphoplasty group (70; range, 46-83) and vertebroplasty group (72; range, 38-90) (p=.438). OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcomes were assessed by using self-report measures (a comparative pain rating scale) and physiologic measures (pre- and postoperative radiographs). METHODS: Thirty-six patients with VCFs underwent 46 augmentation procedures (17 patients had 20 fractures treated via kyphoplasty, and 19 patients had 26 fractures treated via vertebroplasty). Seventeen patients in this series underwent kyphoplasty using standard techniques involving bone void creation with balloon tamps, followed by cement injection. Nineteen patients underwent a percutaneous vertebroplasty procedure using a novel cannulated, fenestrated bone tap developed to direct cement anteriorly into the vertebral body to avoid backflow of cement onto neural elements. RESULTS: Pain improvement was seen in >90% of patients in both groups. Mean cement injection per vertebral body was 4.65 mL and 3.78 mL for the kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty groups, respectively (p=.014). Ninety-five percent of the kyphoplasty procedures were performed bilaterally, whereas only 19% of the vertebroplasty procedures required bilateral augmentation (p<.001). There was no cement extravasation resulting in radiculopathy, or myelopathy in either group. Asymptomatic cement extravasation was seen in 5 of 46 (11%) of the total series (3/20 [15%] and 2/26 [7.7%] of kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty, respectively) (p=.696). Within a 3-month period, there were 5 new adjacent level fractures seen in 3 patients who underwent a kyphoplasty procedure (5/20 [25%]) and none in the vertebroplasty group (p<.05). CONCLUSIONS: Vertebroplasty appears to offer a comparable rate of postoperative pain relief as kyphoplasty while using less bone cement more often via a unilateral approach and without the attendant risk of adjacent level fracture.     

Pedikelschraubenaugmentation aus biomechanischer Sicht

Severe osteoporosis is a serious problem in the instrumentation during spine surgery. Besides kyphosis, adjacent vertebral fractures and of course pedicle screw loosening and implant pullout are frequent challenges in instrumentation of the osteoporotic spine. In addition to screw diameter and length, bone mineral density has the most important impact on the stability of a pedicle screw. In cases of severe osteoporosis cement augmentation increases the stability of a pedicle screw. Pullout force can be increased with augmentation by 96–278%. Nowadays, there are two different procedures for augmentation: cement augmentation of the vertebra before inserting the screw into the soft, fresh cement or augmentation via a perforated screw that has already been inserted. The main problem in augmentation techniques are cement leakages. In both techniques leakages may occur. The problem of leakages seems to be less severe in the augmentation technique via the perforated screw, because cement application can be stopped immediately if the onset of leakage is noticed. Even surgical revision of cement augmented screws is not a major clinical problem based on recent biomechanical studies. The revision screw can be chosen 1 mm thicker and can be cement augmented again without technical problems.     

椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症

目的:分析椎体后凸成形术治疗骨质疏松性胸腰椎压缩骨折的非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症。方法:自2008年10月至2012年10月,178例胸腰椎压缩骨折患者,在局麻下行椎体后凸成形术治疗;其中男72例,女106例;年龄58～92岁,平均75.3岁。共224节椎体,胸椎93节,腰椎131节。对患者术中及术后出现的并发症进行记录,分析椎体后凸成形术非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症。结果:所有患者顺利完成手术,无死亡病例。随访时间12～60个月,平均26.2个月。发生骨水泥渗漏27例,占15.1%;非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症15例,其中心脏骤停1例,经心肺复苏,抢救成功,无后遗症;呼吸暂停1例,经抢救恢复;血压下降、心率减慢3例;肠梗阻1例;局部血肿2例;肋间神经痛1例;骨水泥致椎体骨折分离2例;邻椎骨折4例。结论:非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症不常见,心肺并发症是椎体后凸成形术中风险最大的非骨水泥渗漏相关并发症,其可能原因与骨水泥的毒性、神经反射、脂肪栓塞以及椎体内压力变化有关。     

Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty in Spinal Trauma

Abstract Kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty have become recognized procedures for the treatment of vertebral fractures, especially in patients with osteoporosis. In most cases of osteoporotic spinal vertebral fracture in elderly patients, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement is used to fill the defect and stabilize the vertebral body. The techniques of vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty differ in the possibility of realignment and reconstruction of the vertebral body and spinal column. Long-term results in terms of integration of the cement and bioreactivity of the vertebral body are still lacking; so, these procedures are still no options in the treatment of younger patients. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty show different success in the management of fresh traumatic spine fractures. The acute traumatic vertebral fracture has to be classified sensitively, to find the right indication for cement augmentation. Mild acute compression fractures can be treated by vertebroplasty or kyphoplasty, severe compression and burst fractures by combination of internal fixation and kyphoplasty. The indications for use of biological or osteoinductive cement in spinal fracture management must still be regarded as restricted owing to the lack of basic biomechanical research data. Such cement should not be used except in clinical studies.