Marrow transplantation in aplastic anemia and leukemia.

Human marrow transplantation has resulted in observations of fundamental significance in understanding both aplastic anemia and acute leukemia. For example, the observation that transplanted marrow can grow successfully in patients with aplastic anemia indicates that the disease is due to a defect in the marrow precursor cells and not in the marrow microenvironment. Similarly, the observation of recurrent leukemia in donor cells has important implications. Nonetheless, marrow transplantation is sufficiently established therapeutically to be considered the treatment of choice for patients with severe aplastic anemia, and a realistic alternative for patients with recurrent acute leukemia. We suggest that patients be managed with regard to marrow transplantation according to the general approach outlined in Table 3. Marrow transplantation and histocompatibility typing are available at increasing numbers of institutions throughout the world. More and more patients with either severe aplastic anemia or recurrent acute leukemia should have marrow transplantation available to them when it is indicated as part of optimal management of these no longer hopeless diseases.     

Current status of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

Use of allogeneic bone marrow transplants continues to increase. During the 36-year period between 1955 and 1990, more than 33,000 patients received allogeneic bone marrow transplants; more than 45% of these were performed during the 3 years 1988-1990. Transplants are effective therapy for leukemia and other hematologic diseases. It is widely considered that transplants are the treatment of choice for aplastic anemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia, those who fail conventional therapy for acute leukemia and a variety of genetic, metabolic and immune deficiency disorders. Successful application of bone marrow transplantation is limited by complications such as graft failure, graft versus host disease GVHD and interstitial pneumonia and, until recently, the requirement for an HLA-identical sibling donor. In the past few years, an increasing number of transplants were performed using unrelated or HLA-partially matched related donors with some success. Development of post-transplant complications can often be predicted by risk factor assessment. In this report, current data from the IBMTR are summarized and several risk factors affecting outcome identified.     

Experience using bone marrow transplantation in the treatment of hematologic neoplasms and solid tumors

Between October 1983 and October 1985, 12 allogeneic bone marrow transplantations from HLA-identical siblings were performed for treatment of malignant disease (11 haemopoietic malignancies) or severe aplastic anaemia (1 case). All patients showed prompt and complete engraftment of donor cells on average around day 17 after transplantation. 10 patients are alive and well 50-760 days after transplantation, without any signs of recurrence and partly without immunosuppressive therapy. Two patients died, one due to relapse of the leukaemia, and one as a result of CMV interstitial pneumonia. Graft versus host disease was seen in 6 of the 12 patients. Additional immunosuppressive therapy was necessary in 4 of them. The incidence of idiopathic interstitial pneumonia in our group of patients was low (two cases). Also tested was an experimental protocol for the treatment of chemotherapy-resistant metastatic solid tumours. After removal of all clinically detectable tumour tissue by maximal surgical therapy in 5 patients, residual systemic metastases were treated by means of total body irradiation and high-dose cyclophosphamide, followed by autologous bone marrow transplantation with curative intention. Relapse occurred in 4 patients between day 100 and 720 after BMT bone marrow transplantation. Only one patient remains without sign of relapse.     

Mayo Clinic experience with allogeneic and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation, 1982 through 1990.

Between April 1982 and July 1990, 101 patients underwent allogeneic or syngeneic bone marrow transplantation at the Mayo Clinic. This patient population consisted of 30 with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia, 25 with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, 29 with chronic granulocytic leukemia, and 17 with other diseases (aplastic anemia in 7, myelodysplastic syndrome in 5, and lymphoma in 5). The results achieved in our patients who underwent transplantation in first complete remission of both acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia compare favorably with previously reported results. Only 1 of 15 patients (7%) with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia and 2 of 8 patients (25%) with acute lymphoblastic leukemia who underwent transplantation in first complete remission had a relapse. Thus, we recommend early bone marrow transplantation during initial complete remission for patients with either of these disorders who have adverse prognostic factors. In contrast, of 12 patients with either acute nonlymphocytic leukemia or acute lymphoblastic leukemia who underwent transplantation during relapse, 11 died within 6 months. Therefore, such patients should be offered new experimental treatments. Our patients with chronic granulocytic leukemia fared better when they underwent transplantation early during the course of their disease rather than during the accelerated or blast phase. Prospective studies are needed to determine the best approach in these patients.     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血临床分析

目的探讨异基因造血于细胞移植治疗儿童再生障碍性贫血（简称再障）的疗效。方法6例再障患儿中,5例行G．CSF动员的HLA全相合同胞供体骨髓联合外周血造血干细胞移植,平均输入骨髓单个核细胞数4．61（1．5～13．2）×10^8／kg,平均输入外周血单个核细胞数9．36（2．05～16．75）×10^8／kg。预处理方案采用FLU＋CTX＋ATG。1例实行无关供体HLA全相合骨髓移植,输入骨髓单个核细胞数16．8×10^8／kg。预处理方案采用FLU＋CTX＋TBI。急性GVHD预防均采用CSA＋MTX。结果1例移植失败,未植入,移植后第23天自体造血功能恢复。余5例均植入。所有患者均无GVHD的发生。1例病史4年的轻型再障患儿在移植后1年4个月时移植排斥,再障复发合并重症感染治疗无效死亡;余5例随访至2009年2月均无病存活。结论HLA全相合的同胞间骨髓联合外周血造血干细胞移植可作为治疗儿童再障的首选治疗方法;免疫抑制治疗失败且无合适同胞供者的再障患儿可以选择无关供体HLA全相合骨髓移植。     

Defective neutrophil chemotaxis in bone marrow transplant patients.

Infection is a frequent cause of death in patients receiving bone marrow transplants. Although lymphocyte dysfunction has been observed in a few such patients, no systematic study of neutrophil function has yet been reported. Neutrophil chemotaxis was evaluated by a 51Cr-radioassay after bone marrow transplantation in 34 patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia. The response to a chemotactic stimulus (C5a) was severely depressed (less than 35% of normal) in 18 patients, moderately depressed (35-65% of normal) in an additional 6, and normal in 10 subjects. The mean response in the absence of graft vs. host disease and antithymocyte globulin administration was 73.3+/-9.2% (SE) in contrast to 29.7+/-9.6% (P is less than 0.01) in patients with graft vs. host disease treated with antithymocyte golbulin. Both graft vs. host disease and antithymocyte globulin were implicated since the presence of either factor alone was associated with depressed chemotaxis (31.1+/-4.9% for graft vs. host disease, P is less than 0.01; 17.0+/-7.8% for antithymocyte globulin, P is less than 0.02). When normal neutrophils were incubated with antithymocyte globulin in vitro, their chemotactic response was markedly suppressed in the absence of a cytotoxic effect. Transplant patients with defective chemotaxis experienced significantly more infections than those with normal chemotaxis, and analysis of specific etiologic agents showed that this was predominantly related to bacterial pathogens. Chemotactic inhibitors were detected in the sera of seven patients and elevated IgE levels were found in nine subjects, eight of whom had graft vs. host disease. Generation of chemotactic activity by endotoxin activation of serum was reduced in five patients. The results demonstrate a severe defect in neutrophil chemotaxis in some bone marrow transplant patients and suggest that neutrophil dysfunction may predispose to infection in such patients.     

Autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in man. XII. Deficiency of the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction in patients undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Relationship with chronic graft-versus-host disease

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 14 patients with acute leukemia or aplastic anemia undergoing allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were examined for the autologous mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) between T and non-T cells and its relationship with chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Five of 6 patients with GVHD demonstrated deficiency of the AMLR, whereas only three of 8 patients with no evidence of chronic GVHD had deficient AMLR. The nature of underlying disease had no effect on the AMLR. The significance of these results is discussed.     

Transfusion of donor buffy coat cells in the treatment of persistent or recurrent malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

BACKGROUND: Patients who experience relapse after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation have a poor prognosis. However, preclinical and clinical data have strongly suggested the existence of an immune- mediated anti-tumor effect of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This effect, termed graft-versus-leukemia, may be harnessed purposefully in patients with posttransplant relapses by the administration of immune cells obtained by leukapheresis of the original bone marrow donor. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with persistent or recurrent hematologic malignancy after HLA-matched sibling-donor allogeneic bone marrow transplantation were treated with transfusion of buffy coat cells collected from the original bone marrow donors. Mononuclear cell dose ranged from 1.18 to 4.28 × 10(8) per kg. Alpha-interferon (1.5-3 × 10(6) U/m2 3-5x/week) was given to seven patients. Patients were observed for the development of graft-versus- host disease and disease response. RESULTS: Three of five patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia had complete remissions. One of five patients with active acute leukemia attained complete remission. A sixth acute leukemia patient treated with buffy coat transfusion after the induction of remission with chemotherapy relapsed 12 months later. One patient with myeloma had a complete but transient response. A patient with Hodgkin's disease did not respond. Four patients remain in remission 4, 16, 17, and 29 months after attaining complete remission. Graft-versus-host disease occurred in eight patients, including all of those with a complete response. One patient developed transient pancytopenia. CONCLUSION: The transfusion of donor buffy coat cells has significant anti-tumor activity in patients with relapsed hematologic malignancy after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. This effect is strongly associated with graft-versus-host disease.     

Experience in the use of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in severe forms of aplastic anemia at the Byelorussian hematological center]

AIM: Investigation of the response to antilymphocytic globulin (ALG) and transplantation of allogenic bone marrow (TABM) in patients with a severe form of aplastic anemia (AA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 15 patients were treated for severe AA in 1995-1997. 8 patients of group 1 were given ALG/cyclophosphamide with subsequent TABM from HLA-identical sib donor. To prevent graft versus host reaction the patients took cyclosporin A (CSA) + prednisolone. Those who had no sib donor (7 patients) were treated with ALG/CSA (group 2). RESULTS: A complete remission at 7-30-month follow-up was observed in 6 patients of group 1. One patient died of infectious complications in rejection of the transplant and one patient died of acute graft versus host reaction. None of group 2 patients achieved the remission. One patient died of infectious complications. The others need continuous hemotransfusion therapy. CONCLUSION: In spite of high probability of early complications after TABM, TABM-subjected patients are more likely to achieve a complete remission and recurrence-free survival than those given immunosuppressive therapy alone.     

Experience with bone marrow transplantation for severe aplastic anemia and leukemia. Two years experience with 31 patients in Zagreb (Yugoslavia)

Since 1983, twelve patients with severe aplastic anemia and nineteen patients with leukemia were treated with bone marrow transplantation. Six patients with severe aplastic anemia are still alive at 300 to 1,210 days after transplantation, and twelve patients with leukemia are alive at 199 to 671 days. The incidence of GvHD was relatively high (60%). Bacterial infections were the main causes of death.     

Hypoplastic/aplastic anemia. Role of bone marrow transplantation.

For young patients with SAA, allogeneic bone marrow transplantation is the best curative approach. Major obstacles to the success of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation include GVHD, infections, and graft rejection. A careful management approach to patients prior to transplant may decrease some of these complications. Immunosuppressive therapy should be utilized in older patients with SAA. Underlying clonal disorders, eg, acute leukemia and recurrent aplasia, are late complications.     

异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗急性再生障碍性贫血--一例报告附文献复习

目的探索异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗急性再生障碍性贫血(再障)的疗效及其长期造血重建.方法1例急性再障患者,30岁,供者为其胞弟,HLA配型完全相合.动员方案G-CSF250?μg/d×6d.预处理方案环磷酰胺(CTX)50mg·kg-1·d-1×4d,抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)20mg·kg-1·     

Treatment of aplastic anemia by marrow transplantation from HLA identical siblings. Prognostic factors associated with graft versus host disease and survival.

73 consecutive patients with severe aplastic anemia were treated by marrow transplantation from hematologically normal HLA identical siblings. 68 patients lived long enough to document marrow engraftment. 21 rejected the graft and 19 of these died. 47 sustained engraftment and 18 of these died. In 16 patients, death was associated with graft versus host disease. 29 patients with sustained engraftment are alive with complete hematologic restoration between 8 mo and 5 yr. This analysis, by using a proportional hazards regression model, was directed at identifying factors that predicted survival (and absence of graft versus host disease). Of the 24 factors entered into the analysis only two strongly correlated with survival: (a) sex match of donor and recipient (P less than 0.01), and (b) absence of refractoriness to random donor platelets at the time of transplantation (P less than 0.05). Refractoriness adversely influenced the survival of the sex mismatched patients, These data suggest that X and Y-associated transplantation antigen systems are important determinants of the outcome of marrow grafts between HLA identical siblings for the treatment of aplastic anemia. The machanism by which refractoriness to random donor platelets influences survival is currently unclear.     

非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植治疗血液病的临床观察

目的　探讨非清髓异基因外周血造血干细胞移植 (NASCT)在治疗血液病中的意义。方法　采用NASCT治疗 33例HLA相合的血液病患者。男 2 0例 ,女 13例 ,中位年龄 36岁 (18～ 5 9岁 )。33例中急性白血病第 1次完全缓解期 (CR1 ) 11例 ,CR2～ 34例 ,难治复发性急性白血病未缓解期 3例 ,重型再生障碍性贫血 (SAA) 4例 ,慢性粒细胞白血病慢性期 7例 ,骨髓增生异常综合征 (MDS) 2例 ,慢性淋巴细胞白血病和骨髓纤维化各 1例。非清髓预处理方案 :白血病患者采用环磷酰胺 (CTX)、阿糖胞苷及CD3单克隆抗体 ,6例患者在此基础上加用氟达拉宾。SAA和MDS患者采用CTX和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白。结果　 33例均顺利渡过造血抑制期。平均移植后第 10 .5天 (移植后第 8～ 2 1天 )中性粒细胞计数 >0 .5× 10 9 L ,第 15天 (移植后第 10～ 30天 )血小板计数 >30× 10 9 L。 33例中供者细胞完全植入2 4例 (其中 13例于移植后 1～ 6个月由供受者嵌合性植入转为完全植入 ) ,稳定混合嵌合体 4例 ,移植排斥 5例。 33例中发生急性和慢性移植物抗宿主病各 7例 (2 1.2 % )。随诊 2～ 36个月 2 5例 (75 8% )仍存活。结论　NASCT简便安全 ,并发症少 ,疗效较好 ,为治愈血液病提供了新手段。     

非血缘HLA相合供者造血干细胞移植治疗重型再生障碍性贫血的临床分析

本研究旨在评价HLA不全相合的亲属供者或HLA相合非血缘供者造血干细胞移植在治疗重型再生障碍性贫血(SAA)的疗效和安全性。在2005年11月至2011年5月期间采用非血缘供者或者单倍体相合供者造血干细胞移植治疗SAA患者20例,其中亲缘HLA不合单倍体相合供者14例,非血缘HLA相合供者6例。预处理采用氟达拉滨(FLU)、环磷酰胺(CTX)和抗胸腺细胞球蛋白(ATG)方案,移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)预防方案为经典的环孢素A(CsA)联合短程甲氨蝶呤(MTX)及霉酚酸酯(MMF)。对单倍体相合供者采集经G-CSF动员的骨髓及外周血干细胞联合应用;非血缘供者单纯采集外周血干细胞。结果表明:所有患者均获供者型造血重建,粒细胞植活中位时间14(11-20)d,血小板植活中位时间17(13-31)d,2例取得完全供者植入后2个月发生排斥,其中1例进行母亲单倍体相合供者二次移植,达到完全供者持久植入;移植后发生Ⅱ度急性GVHD 4例,慢性GVHD发生7例,其中1例为慢性广泛性GVHD;14例无病生存,所有存活患者最少随访时间在8个月以上,中位随访时间为48个月,血象完全恢复,Kaplan-Meier计算的累积无病生存率为68.9%。结论:采用FLU、CTX和抗淋巴细胞免疫球蛋白进行预处理,用HLA不全相合的亲属供者或HLA相合非血缘供者造血干细胞移植治疗SAA,植入率高,感染发生率降低,获得良好的长期生存疗效。     

异基因造血干细胞移植治疗再生障碍性贫血16例临床观察

目的评价异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT）治疗再生障碍性贫血（AA）的疗效。方法1991至2006年共有12例重型AA（SAA）、4例慢性AA（CAA）患者接受allo-HSCT治疗，回顾性分析植入情况、并发症发生及移植疗效等。结果造血重建14例（87．50％），中性粒细胞绝对值（ANC）≥0．5×10^9／L和BPC≥120×10^9／L中位时间分别为移植后14（11～16）天、14（10～33）天；其中6例患者发生Ⅰ～Ⅱ度急性移植物抗宿主病（aGVHD），2例患者发生慢性局限型GVHD。16例AA患者中未植入死亡1例；移植排斥（GR）3例（18．75％），其中死亡1例、自身造血恢复1例；至随访截止，存活13例（81．25％），中位生存10（0．5～84）个月。结论allo-HSCT是治疗AA的有效方法之一，加强移植前后免疫抑制处理的强度，减少GR、GVHD的发生。     

Apoptosis of ileal crypt epithelia after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without graft‐versus‐host disease

Intestinal crypt cell apoptosis may occur after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation without clinically overt graft‐versus‐host disease. We describe this phenomenon in a case of a 12‐year‐old girl who had segments of the ileum resected because of a relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The diagnostic difficulties are discussed.     

肝移植患者围手术期骨髓细胞学改变的意义

背景:晚期肝病及肝移植后造血系统受累相关报道较少见。目的:通过对肝移植患者围手术期骨髓细胞学的观察,探讨移植前造血功能的改变及移植后多种并发症对骨髓造血功能的影响。方法:选择20例实施原位肝移植患者,因与血液系统疾病相关,需行骨髓细胞学检查进行诊断及鉴别诊断,其中移植前2例,移植后18例。结果与结论:原位肝移植患者移植前容易出现骨髓细胞学改变为脾功能亢进、大红细胞性贫血,移植后出现:移植物抗宿主病、浆细胞白血病、反应性粒细胞增高、原发性血小板减少性紫癜、嗜血细胞综合征、粒细胞缺乏症、急性造血细胞停滞、转移癌、反应性血小板增高。说明通过骨髓细胞学检查,监测肝移植围手术期各种并发症对骨髓造血功的影响,特别对移植物抗宿主病的患者,实施及时抢救有重要意义。     

Successful allogeneic cryopreserved marrow transplantation

Cryopreservation has been used extensively in autologous marrow transplantation (BMT), but there has been limited use in allogeneic BMT. We describe here 6 cases of successful engraftment following allogeneic BMT with cryopreserved marrow. Patients suffered from Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, osteopetrosis, aplastic anemia, and acute lymphocytic, acute non-lymphocytic, and chronic myelogenous leukemia, and ranged in age from 5 mos to 35 yrs. Marrow was collected using standard techniques. In one case T-cells were removed to prevent graft-vs-host disease. Marrow was frozen for a variety of reasons. Buffy coat cells were frozen at controlled rate in 10% DMSO, and stored in liquid nitrogen for 6 to 49 d. Engraftment (WBC greater than 1000/uL x 3 d) occurred from 13 to 37 d post BMT. In 4 of 4 cases in which data are available, donor origin of engraftment was documented, 1 with cytogenetics, 2 with red cell typing, and 4 with restriction fragment length polymorphisms. 3 patients are alive and well 21, 21, and 42 months post BMT. These results suggest frozen marrow can be successfully used for allogeneic BMT.     

非血缘关系异基因造血干细胞移植66例分析

目的对66例血液病患者进行非血缘关系异基因造血干细胞移植（allo-HSCT），探索提高移植疗效的措施。方法慢性粒细胞白血病（CML）患者24例，急性白血病（AL）患者40例，其他血液病患者2例，经预处理治疗后，进行人类白细胞抗原（HLA）基本相合的非血缘关系骨髓移植（BMT）48例，外周血干细胞移植（PBSCT）18例：部分患者采用长程加强的移植物抗宿主病（GVHD）的预防方案（将环孢菌素A提前至预处理开始时使用，同时加用霉酚酸酯）。结果64例患者达到完全稳定的供者植入，WBC植活中位时间15d（BMT组16d；PBSCT组12d，P〈0．01）。45例患者发生急性GVHD（aGVHD），累积发生率为71．16％，其中28例患者发生Ⅰ～Ⅱ度GVHD，累积发生率57．15％；17例患者发生Ⅲ～Ⅳ度GVHD，累积发生率32．25％；COX模型分析得出HLA配型及移植方式是影响aGVHD发生的因素，HLA配型相合、采用G-CSF动员的PBSCT可以降低aGVHD，尤其是重度GVHD的发生。可供分析的36例患者中有21例发生慢性GVHD。66例接受移植的患者中复发6例，死亡27例，5年的预期生存率为52．91％。用COX模型分析得出aGVHD以及aGVHD与GVHD的预防方案的交互冈素是影响生存率的惟一因素，其相对危险度分别为1.517和1.255。结论提高非血缘关系allo-HSCT疗效的关键是控制aGVHD，而选择HLA配型相合的供者，加强移植早期的免疫抑制，可以减少aGVHD的发生