服药依从性及家庭功能对精神分裂症患者精神残疾状况的影响

目的探讨服药依从性及家庭功能对精神分裂症患者精神残疾状况的影响。方法依据患者知情自愿原则,随机选取112例精神分裂症患者为研究对象,应用我院自制服药依从性量表、家庭环境量表中文版(FES-CV)以及世界卫生组织残疾评定量表(WHO DAS)对患者的服药依从性、家庭功能及精神残疾状况进行评估,并对服药依从性及家庭功能对患者精神残疾状况的影响进行简单效应分析。结果纳入本次研究的精神分裂症患者的精神残疾程度得分(74.13±15.46)分,服药依从性得分(53.47±2.39)分以及家庭功能得分(4.68±2.37)分,对患者精神残疾状况影响的主效应显著;经简单效应分析,在固定家庭功能条件下,不同服药依从性患者精神残疾得分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.01);在中等服药依从性水平上,不同家庭功能患者精神残疾得分比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者的精神残疾状况受家庭功能及服药依从性的交互作用显著影响,应以两者的交互关系为护理干预依据,从而达到有效减轻或改善患者精神残疾程度的目的。     

即兴演奏式音乐治疗对康复期精神分裂症患者社会功能缺损的康复效应

目的 探讨即兴演奏式音乐治疗对康复期精神分裂症患者社会功能缺陷的康复效果.方法 采用成组设计将符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)诊断标准的康复期精神分裂症住院患者40例随机分为实验组和对照组各20例.实验组给予社会功能缺陷康复治疗12次,疗程4周.采用社会功能缺陷量表(SDSS)、护士用住院病人观察量表(NOSIE)分别于治疗前、治疗后第4周对两组患者进行测量.结果 与治疗前相比较,实验组SDSS量表的家庭外社会活动能力、个人生活自理能力及对外界兴趣和关心因子评分均下降,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).治疗后,实验组的对外界兴趣和关心、家庭外社会活动以及个人生活自理因子分均低于对照组(P均＜0.05或0.01).实验组的社会功能、个人整洁、易激惹、精神病表现、迟缓、社会兴趣因子分及总估计分均高于对照组(P＜0.05或0.01).结论 即兴演奏式音乐治疗对康复期精神分裂症患者的社会功能缺损有一定的改善作用.     

精神分裂症患者病耻感与生活质量的关系

目的:探讨精神分裂症患者病耻感与生活质量的关系。方法:采用一般情况调查表、贬低-歧视感知量表及精神分裂症患者生活质量量表对95例住院及152例社区精神分裂症患者进行问卷调查。结果:住院患者的贬低-歧视感知量表评分与生活质量量表总分分别为(29.53±4.57)分、(26.02±14.16)分;社区患者分别为(28.03±3.48)分、(37.44±13.44)分;住院患者的贬低-歧视感知量表评分与生活质量总分(r=0.214)、动力与精力因子分(r=0.024)呈正相关(均P<0.05);社区患者贬低-歧视感知量表评分与生活质量总分(r=-0.255)、动力与精力因子分(r=-0.349)呈负相关(P均<0.01)。结论:生活质量越差,住院精神分裂症患者病耻感越强;社区精神分裂症患者生活质量越差,病耻感越少。     

43例被关锁重性精神疾病患者解锁治疗前后对照分析

目的 比较被关锁的重性精神疾病患者解锁前后的症状、社会功能及其家庭经济负担的变化.方法 对43例被关锁的重性精神疾病患者(精神分裂症和双相障碍)于解锁前、解锁后6个月分别采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)或Bech-Rafaelsen躁狂量表(BRMS)评定临床效果,采用社会功能缺陷量表(SDSS)评定社会功能,采用＜解锁患者信息采集表＞和＜解锁患者家庭经济学指标调查表＞进行患者家庭经济学指标比较.结果 解锁前、解锁治疗6个月时PANSS总分、BRMS总分、SDSS总分、家庭经济学指标评定结果比较,差异有显著性(P＜0.01).结论 解锁治疗显著改善了被关锁重性精神疾病患者的精神症状和社会功能,减轻了患者家庭的经济负担,提高了患者及其家属的生活质量.     

家庭动力对精神分裂症患者病耻感的影响

目的 对康复期精神分裂症患者家庭动力与病耻感的分析,为临床上改善患者病耻感,促进康复提供实践参考。方法 以方便取样的方式顺序入组,抽取上海市浦东新区辖区10个街镇在社区康复的精神分裂症患者以及上海市浦东新区精神卫生中心住院患者各300名。研究采用问卷法,评估精神分裂症患者的家庭动力特征及病耻感。结果 住院与社区精神分裂症患者在首发年龄(P1=0.018)、住院次数上差异均有统计学意义(P2=0.00)。住院与社区精神分裂症患者在病耻感总量表得分及分量表分(P1=0.000;P2=0.002;P3=0.001;P4=0.000),家庭动力总分及疾病观念因子(P5=0.012;P6=0.006)上都有显著差异。精神分裂症患者病耻感所有因子均与家庭动力量表中家庭氛围、个性化因子呈中度正相关。结论 精神分裂症患者减少住院次数,选择在社区康复,有利于减轻病耻感。临床实践中,引导改善患者的家庭氛围,提升家庭成员个性化程度也能够减轻病耻感,有利于患者的康复进程。     

职业康复对慢性精神分裂症患者症状及功能的影响

目的 探讨职业康复对慢性精神分裂症患者症状及功能的影响.方法 将102例慢性精神分裂症住院患者随机分为研究组和对照组各51例,其中脱落15例.两组患者均开展药物治疗、简单工娱治疗,研究组增加职业康复训练项目.采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS )和Morning Side康复状态量表(MRSS )分别于入组时、中期、结束对两组患者进行评定,疗程6个月.结果 研究组PANSS总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分及一般精神病理量表分减分值均大于时照组(P <0.01);研究组MRSS总分、依赖量表分、活动能力量表分、社交量表分、症状量表分减分值均大于对照组(P <0.01).结论 职业康复训练能更加有效改善患者的精神症状、社会功能缺陷程度,减缓精神衰退,进而实现疾病及功能的全面康复.     

精神分裂症患者残疾水平、生活质量及社会支持状况分析

目的探讨精神分裂症患者的精神残疾现状以及生活质量与社会支持状况。方法采用世界卫生组织残疾评定量表第二版(WHO-DASⅡ)、生活质量综合评定问卷(GQOLI-74)对河北省衡水市精神病院门诊就诊的符合《国际疾病分类(第10版)》(ICD-10)精神分裂症诊断标准的119例患者进行精神残疾、生活质量测评,采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)对患者的客观支持、主观支持及对支持的利用度进行测评。结果 119例精神分裂症患者重度残疾32人(26.9%)、中度残疾24人(20.2%),轻度残疾63人(52.9%)。不同残疾程度患者GQOLI-74总分及物质生活维度评分差异有统计学意义(F=5.570,P=0.005;F=3.734,P=0.027),多重比较发现生活质量总分轻度残疾组较中、重度残疾组高(P0.05),中、重度组比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。物质生活因子分轻度残疾组较重度残疾组高,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论精神分裂症患者的精神残疾较普遍,生活质量尤其是物质生活水平低,精神残疾程度就高。     

住院慢性精神分裂症患者个体和社会功能的评估及影响因素分析

目的:分析住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者的个人和社会功能及其影响因素。方法:对120例住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者采用个人和社会功能量表中文版(PSP)、患者健康问卷(PHQ)及阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)等进行个人和社会功能及精神病性状的评估。并对结果进行分析。结果:个人和社会功能低下患者2例(1.7%),有不同程度的能力缺陷患者72例(60.0%),社会功能和人际交往无困难或有轻微困难患者46例(38.3%);患者的个人和社会功能与性别(r=0.568,P0.01)及本次病程(r=-0.362,P0.01)存在显著相关性,患者的干扰和攻击行为与其精神症状显著相关(r=0.30,P0.01)。结论:住院慢性稳定期精神分裂症患者大部分存在不同程度的个人和社会能力缺陷;其中,社会中有用的活动及干扰和攻击行为与患者的精神症状、躯体症状群严重程度及抑郁症状群严重程度显著相关。     

缺陷型及非缺陷型精神分裂症首次发病未服药患者失匹配负波的对照研究

目的:探讨缺陷型与非缺陷型精神分裂症首次发病未服药患者失匹配负波(MMN)的特征及与临床状态的相关性。方法:根据缺陷型精神分裂症诊断量表评分将100例首发精神分裂症患者分为缺陷型(缺陷组,45例)和非缺陷型(非缺陷组,55例);采用脑诱发电位仪检测MMN,并与50名正常对照者(对照组)比较;分析患者MMN改变与其发病年龄、病程、病情及功能的关系。结果:与对照组比较,缺陷组与非缺陷组MMN潜伏期明显延长(F=21.72,P=0.00),波幅明显降低(F=5.95,P=0.00);缺陷组与非缺陷组间MMN潜伏期及波幅差异无统计学意义(P均>0.05)。患者的MMN潜伏期及波幅与的其发病年龄、病程、阳性和阴性症状量表(PANSS)评分(包括总分、阳性症状分、阴性症状分、一般精神病理分)及大体功能评定量表(GAF)评分无显著相关性(P均>0.05)。结论:缺陷型和非缺陷型首发精神分裂症患者均存在MMN异常;其可能是精神分裂症患者的素质性标记。     

辩证行为疗法对缓解期精神分裂症患者社会功能和病耻感的影响

目的探讨辩证行为疗法对缓解期精神分裂症患者社会功能、病耻感的影响。方法选取住院缓解期精神分裂症患者60例。随机分成两组,对照组30例,给予常规抗精神病药物和工娱治疗。实验组30例,在药物和工娱治疗的基础上给予辩证行为疗法干预(每周两次,每次60分钟,共8次)。采用阳性与阴性症状量表(PANSS)、住院慢性精神分裂症社会功能评定量表(SSSI)、精神病患者病耻感评估量表、精神分裂症患者生活质量量表(SQLS)评价干预效果。采用副反应量表(UKU)进行安全性评价。结果实验组与对照组在SSSI、SQLS及病耻感前后测得分的差值上存在显著差异(t=-9.53,P0.01;t=-13.20,P0.01;t=-7.16,P0.01)。两组在精神症状上没有显著差异(P0.05)。结论辩证行为疗法可以有效减轻精神分裂症患者病耻感,恢复患者社会功能。     

Neuroimaging in epilepsy in tropics

Epilepsy is a major public health problem in many tropical countries. Also, some of the tropical diseases are major contributors to the higher prevalence of epilepsy in these countries. The etiologic factors responsible for epilepsy in these countries are quite different from those in the developed world. This article discusses the etiologic factors and neuroimaging of epilepsy in light of the conditions in these tropical countries.     

癫痫与抑郁关系的研究进展

抑郁是癫痫患者中常见的精神障碍,严重地影响了患者的生活质量。传统的观点认为癫痫患者因为存在着诸多社会学问题易出现抑郁倾向,癫痫和抑郁是单向的联系,但大量的研究已经证明癫痫和抑郁之间存在双向的联系,一种异常状态的存在可能易转化为另一种异常状态的发展。癫痫和抑郁存在着共同的发病机制。本文主要就癫痫和抑郁的双向联系以及抗抑郁药物在癫痫患者中的应用进行阐述。     

Sudanophilic lipid accumulation in astrocytes in periventricular leukomalacia in monkeys

Summary Sudanophilic lipid accumulation is a characteristic feature of periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) of infants. At least two types of lipid-containing cells have been identified, one being the macrophage, the other the pre-myelin glial cell. A third type of lipid-containing cell has been seen in two monkeys with spontaneous PVL. Electron microscopically this cell appears to be an astrocyte. This probably represents a reaction of the astrocyte to hypoxia and may be the equivalent of the hypertrophic astrocytes found in human infants.Supported in part by NIH grant HDO 8633 and the Regional Primate Research Center Grant RR-00166     

Increase in cathepsin D activity in rat brain in aging

Cathepsin D-like activity in homogenates of five brain areas of 3-month-old and 24-month-old Fischer 344 rats was measured. With hemoglobin as substrate at pH 3.2, more than 90% of the activity was inhibited by pepstatin. In each area studied, activity was more than twice as high in the old rat brain: 140-160% higher in the cortex, cerebellum, pons-medulla, and striatum and 90-100% higher in the hippocampus and spinal cord. The greatly increased metabolic capacity in the absence of an increase in protein turnover may have a role in age-related pathological degeneration in the brain.     

Gender in Voice Perception in Autism

Deficits in the perception of social stimuli may contribute to the characteristic impairments in social interaction in high functioning autism (HFA). Although the cortical processing of voice is abnormal in HFA, it is unclear whether this gives rise to impairments in the perception of voice gender. About 20 children with HFA and 20 matched controls were presented with voice fragments that were parametrically morphed in gender. No differences were found in the perception of gender between the two groups of participants, but response times differed significantly. The results suggest that the perception of voice gender is not impaired in HFA, which is consistent with behavioral findings of an unimpaired voice-based identification of age and identity by individuals with autism. The differences in response times suggest that individuals with HFA use different perceptual approaches from those used by typically developing individuals.     

Increase in noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme activity in medulla oblongata in Parkinson's disease

Summary Dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH), the noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, and phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT), the adrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, were assayed in 18 areas of brain stem in eight cases of parkinsonian syndromes and of four age- and postmortem delay-matched controls. Dissection was performed by the punch technique and enzyme activities assayed by radiometric methods. No significant change was found for PNMT activity. DBH activity was significantly increased in the A2-C2 area of the medulla oblongata (including the nucleus tractus solitarius) in the cases of Parkinson's disease.The A2-C2 area is known to be implicated in the control of blood pressure in rats. These findings are discussed in relation to orthostatic hypotension and the influence ofl-dopa therapy.Supported by grants from INSERM ATP 657897, ATP 8179113, CRL 79-1-356-6, DGRST (80 E 0882), FRMF, and Sandoz-France France     

Changes in parasympathetic system in medulla oblongata in male pigs in the course of tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy

Background

Autonomic imbalance constituting a fundamental feature of heart failure (HF) has been assessed mainly at the periphery. Changes in the functioning of autonomic centers in the brain remain unclear. We investigated the molecular elements of parasympathetic system, i.e. α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) and enzymes metabolizing acetylcholine (acetylcholinesterase, AChE, choline acetyltransferase, ChAT) in medulla oblongata (MO) of male pigs with chronic tachycardia-induced cardiomyopathy.

Methods

The mRNA levels of AChE, ChAT, α7nAChR and X-box binding protein 1 (spliced form, XBP1s) in MO were analyzed using qPCR, AChE and ChAT activities using spectrophotometry, proteasome activity using fluorometry, and the protein level of α7nAChR using Western blotting.

Results

The development of systolic HF was accompanied by an increase in circulating catecholamines, a decrease in the AChE and α7nAChR mRNA in MO, an increase in AChE activity (all p < 0.05), and no change in either the mRNA or activity of ChAT. Both circulating catecholamine levels and AChE activity were inversely related to systolic function of left myocardial ventricle (p < 0.05). The level of α7nAChR protein in MO and its cytoplasmatic fraction were higher in pigs with moderate and severe HF as compared to the other animals (p < 0.01). There was no difference in proteasome activity in MO between diseased and healthy animals, whereas the XBP1s mRNA decreased during HF progression (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Molecular elements of parasympathetic system are changed within the medulla oblongata during the progression of systolic non-ischemic heart failure in male pigs, indicating a functional link between MO and heart in HF.     

Issues in evaluation of cognition in the elderly in developing countries

Background:

Developing regions of the world host the majority of elderly subjects who are at risk for dementia. Reliable epidemiological data from these countries is invaluable in tackling this global problem. Scarcity of such data in literature is largely attributable to problems that are unique to developing communities worldwide.

Objective:

To classify and describe the problems that interfere with the collection of reliable epidemiological data on cognitive impairment in the elderly in developing communities, and to suggest practical solutions for some of them.

Methods:

Inferring from the experiences of a large, ongoing, population-based study on the cognitive impairments in the elderly in South India and from the review of literature.

Conclusion:

A fatalistic attitude regarding aging in the communities, significant heterogeneity in educational abilities and activities of daily living, high illiteracy among rural subjects, and lack of an organized health care system and updated demographic figures are some of the major factors that contribute to technical, namely, methodology-related problems and practical, namely, subject-related problems in such epidemiological studies.     

Suicide in the elderly in Austria

In most countries men and women have the highest suicide rates in age groups over 60 years. We investigated suicide rates for the elderly in Austria, a country with one of the highest suicide rates in the world, for the period 1980–1991, using data from the Federal Statistical Division. Suicide rates remained stable over the last decade at a very high level. The mean rate for men was 85.2, for women 28.6/100 000. In men and women rates rise with age. The mean rate of men rises from 51.2 (60–64 years) to 117.3/100 000 (over 85 years); in women there is an increase from 21.4 (60–64 years) to 32.8/100 000 (over 85 years). We did not confirm findings in other countries, where suicide rates have increased in recent years.     

Characteristics of nociceptors in the periodontium--an in vitro study in rats

Recent studies have indicated that nociceptors can be classified into various types according to their physiological properties. These studies have clarified that the frequency distribution of various nociceptor types is different among body sites and animal species. In the present study, we investigated the physiological properties of rat's periodontal nociceptors in an in vitro jaw-nerve preparation. Responses were recorded from functional single filaments in the inferior alveolar nerve. To determine the nociceptor type, calibrated von Frey filaments, heat, and bradykinin (BK) stimuli were used. We found five subtypes of nociceptors in the periodontal ligaments of the lower incisor: Adelta-high threshold mechanonociceptors (Adelta-HTM, n=28), Adelta-mechanoheat nociceptors (Adelta-MH, n=6), Adelta-polymodal nociceptors (Adelta-POLY, n=26), C-high threshold mechanonociceptors (C-HTM, n=3) and C-polymodal nociceptors (C-POLY, n=4). Most nociceptors were Adelta-innervated, while only a small number of C-innervated nociceptors were found. The present results suggest that periodontal nociceptors transmit mainly fast pain, and may thus play a role in rapid detection of injure-related stimuli during mastication.