Pro-equity immunization and health systems strengthening strategies in select Gavi-supported countries

BackgroundAchieving universal immunization coverage and reaching every child with life-saving vaccines will require the implementation of pro-equity immunization strategies, especially in poorer countries. Gavi-supported countries continue to implement and report strategies that aim to address implementation challenges and improve equity. This paper summarizes the first mapping of these strategies from country reports.MethodsThirteen Gavi-supported countries were purposively selected with emphasis on Gavi’s priority countries. Following a scoping of different documents submitted to Gavi by countries, 47 Gavi Joint Appraisals (JAs) for the period 2016–2019 from the 13 selected countries were included in the mapping. We used a consolidated framework synthesized from 16 different equity and health systems frameworks, which incorporated UNICEF’s coverage and equity assessment approach – an adaptation of the Tanahashi model. Using search terms, the mapping was conducted using a combination of manual search and the MAXQDA qualitative analysis tool. Pro-equity strategies meeting the inclusion criteria were identified and compiled in an Excel database, and then populated on a tableau visualization dashboard.ResultsIn total, 258 pro-equity strategies were implemented by the 13 sampled Gavi-supported countries between 2016 and 2019. The framework determinants of social norms, utilization, and management and coordination accounted for more than three-quarters of all pro-equity strategies implemented in these countries. The median number of strategies reported per country was 17. Afghanistan, Nigeria, and Uganda reported the highest number of strategies that we considered as pro-equity.ConclusionFindings from this mapping can be useful in addressing equity gaps, reaching partially immunized, and ‘zero-dose’ vaccinated children, and valuable resource for countries planning to implement pro-equity strategies, especially as immunization stakeholders reimagine immunization delivery in light of COVID-19, and as Gavi finalizes its fifth organizational strategy. Future efforts should seek to identify pro-equity strategies being implemented across additional countries, and to assess the extent to which these strategies have improved immunization coverage and equity.     

Mapping variability in allocation of Long-Term Care funds across payer agencies in OECD countries

IntroductionLong-term care (LTC) is organized in a fragmented manner. Payer agencies (PA) receive LTC funds from the agency collecting funds, and commission services. Yet, distributional equity (DE) across PAs, a precondition to geographical equity of access to LTC, has received limited attention. We conceptualize that LTC systems promote DE when they are designed to set eligibility criteria nationally (vs. locally); and to distribute funds among PAs based on needs-formula (vs. past-budgets or government decisions).ObjectivesThis cross-country study highlights to what extent different LTC systems are designed to promote DE across PAs, and the parameters used in allocation formulae.MethodsQualitative data were collected through a questionnaire filled by experts from 17 OECD countries.Results11 out of 25 LTC systems analyzed, fully meet DE as we defined. 5 systems which give high autonomy to PAs have designs with low levels of DE; while nine systems partially promote DE. Allocation formulae vary in their complexity as some systems use simple demographic parameters while others apply socio-economic status, disability, and LTC cost variations.Discussion and conclusionsA minority of LTC systems fully meet DE, which is only one of the criteria in allocation of LTC resources. Some systems prefer local priority-setting and governance over DE. Countries that value DE should harmonize the eligibility criteria at the national level and allocate funds according to needs across regions.     

Evaluación participativa del territorio con enfoque de equidad: adaptación y validación de la Place Standard al contexto español

ObjectiveTranslation and cross-cultural adaptation to the Spanish context of the Place Standard tool to undertake participatory evaluations in place-based communities.MethodA back-translation method was used to obtain an adapted version of the original Place Standard tool. The translated version was reviewed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts and validated using the Delphi method.ResultsThe final version of the adapted Place Standards tool (Entornos de Vida in Spanish) consists of 14 dimensions and 99 items. 21% of the items presented semantic difficulties during the translation. Total consensus through the Delphi panel was reached on 72% of the items. The analysis resulted in changes to the wording, and organization of the items, and the inclusion of new or modified questions to reflect the characteristics of the Spanish context.ConclusionsThe validation of the Entornos de Vida tool will enable the evaluation of place-based communities characteristics/physical and socio-economic contexts in a participatory and equitable manner that focuses on social determinants of health. Its application in scenarios that take into account processes of local health action will support the practice of health promotion and equity, and centre the attention and action on the physical and socio-economic contexts with the aim to learn how places and municipal policies can affect health and well-being.     

Gini系数和泰尔指数在山东省妇幼保健卫生人力资源配置公平性中的应用研究

目的探讨山东省妇幼保健机构卫生人力资源配置公平性,为妇幼保健人员的合理配置提供决策依据。方法对山东省2015-2017年妇幼保健机构卫生人力资源现况开展问卷调查。综合运用卫生资源密度指数指标(HRDI)、基尼系数及泰尔指数等方法,分别从人口、地理两个维度分析卫生人力资源配置的公平性。结果2015-2017年,山东省妇幼保健机构卫生人力总量呈逐年上升趋势。各地市相比,3年间HRDI最高的均为枣庄市,最低的为滨州市,两市相差近6倍。东营市、滨州市和菏泽市的HRDI远低于全省平均水平。基于人口维度,山东省妇幼保健人力资源基尼系数3年间均维持在0.20左右。东部和西部地区的基尼系数均<0.20,中部地区的基尼系数0.20~0.30。泰尔指数组内差异贡献率均高于80%。基于地理面积维度,基尼系数3年间均维持在0.25左右,西部地区的基尼系数均<0.20,东、中部地区的基尼系数0.20~0.30。泰尔指数组内差异贡献率均高于90%。结论山东省妇幼保健机构卫生人力配置公平性总体较好,人口公平性优于地理面积公平性。在下一步配置中在考虑人口因素的同时,要兼顾地理面积因素。     

Accessibilité, politiques inclusives et droit à l’éducation : considérations conceptuelles et méthodologiques

The right to education promoted by the United Nations’ Convention on the Rights of Disabled Persons aims at fighting against discriminations persons with disabilities face in this matter. Identifying existing discriminations require however reliable data allowing for analyzing education systems’ ability to provide Special Educational Needs students with equal opportunities in terms of access, success, prospects and affiliation. This article describes the conceptual framework developed to identify indicators required to monitor the implementation of right to education in the European Union building upon an OECD research made on the transition to higher education and to employment of SEN students.     

我国妇幼保健资源配置现状及公平性分析

目的了解我国妇幼保健资源配置现状,评价其公平性,为促进我国妇幼保健资源的整体优化提供基本参考。方法以2005-2014年《中国卫生和计划生育年鉴》和《中国统计年鉴》中妇幼保健资源配置的相关指标为原始资料,对我国及各省市的资源配置现状进行描述和分析;同时运用泰尔指数对资源配置的公平性进行评价。结果我国拥有的妇幼保健机构数、医师数、床位数、护士数逐年增加;2005-2014年我国妇幼保健机构、医师数泰尔指数变动较小,床位数、护士数的泰尔指数在0.019 5~0.047 6、0.021 9~0.044 5之间变化,呈增长趋势,且东部地区相对偏高;区域内差异对泰尔指数的贡献率大于区域间,对妇幼保健资源配置的公平性影响较大。结论我国妇幼保健资源总量虽上升,但资源配置不公平,且呈下降趋势,尤其是区域内公平性问题严重,相关部门应重点关注,统筹兼顾,改善妇幼保健资源配置不公平的现状。     

兼顾效率与公平的中国卫生资源配置:问题发现及政策路径

目的:探讨卫生资源公平且有效率的配置方式,促进居民公平有效分享公共卫生资源。方法:基于我国31个省级区域2010~2014年的数据,通过超效率DEA模型测算各地区卫生资源配置效率,以各地医疗卫生机构获得的人均财政补贴收入来考察卫生资源配置的公平情况,对卫生公平和效率进行静态差异分析和动态固化分析。结果:无论是地区之间还是内部,我国卫生资源公平的差异程度以及固化程度都比效率大,卫生资源存在不公平和不合理两大问题。结论:中央政府应加大卫生资源调节力度,精准扶持那些"低公平、高效率"的地区,并形成稳定的激励机制。     

延安市城市社区卫生服务中心人力资源现状及公平性分析

目的 对延安市城市社区卫生服务中心人力资源配置的现状及公平性进行分析评价,为合理配置社区人力资源提供依据。方法 2018年4月至5月采用自行设计的“延安市社区卫生服务中心人力资源现状统计表”对延安市宝塔区城市社区卫生服务中心进行普查,运用描述分析法、洛伦兹曲线(Lorenz曲线)和基尼系数(Gini系数)分析法,对其人力资源配置现状及其公平性进行评价。结果 6所社区卫生服务中心临时人员占总人数44.7%,非卫生专业技术人员占总人数19.05%,每万人口临床医师、护士、公卫人员数分别是1.04、0.83、1.91,医护比例1:0.79,卫生专业技术人员学历以大专为主,占49.32%,职称以初级为主;临床医生和护士按人口配置的公平性较差,其基尼系数分别为0.413和0.439。结论 需进一步优化延安市宝塔区社区卫生服务中心人力资源配置及公平性,提高卫生专业技术人员质量,完善其服务功能,为人民群众提供质量可靠、现实可及的社区卫生服务。