Insights into the pathogenesis of ATP1A1‐related CMT disease using patient‐specific iPSCs

The development of patient‐specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offered interesting insights in modeling the pathogenesis of Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) disease and thus we decided to explore the phenotypes of iPSCs derived from a single CMT patient carrying a mutant ATP1A1 allele (p.Pro600Ala). iPSCs clones generated from CMT and control fibroblasts, were induced to differentiate into neural precursors and then into post‐mitotic neurons. Control iPSCs differentiated into neuronal precursors and then into post‐mitotic neurons within 6‐8 days. On the contrary, the differentiation of CMT iPSCs was clearly defective. Electrophysiological properties confirmed that post‐mitotic neurons were less mature compared to the normal counterpart. The impairment of in vitro differentiation of CMT iPSCs only concerned with the neuronal pathway, because they were able to differentiate into mesendodermal cells and other ectodermal derivatives. ATP1A1 was undetectable in the few neuronal cells derived from CMT iPSCs. ATP1A1 gene mutation (p.Pro600Ala), responsible for a form of axonal CMT disease, is associated in vitro with a dramatic alteration of the differentiation of patient‐derived iPSCs into post‐mitotic neurons. Thus, the defect in neuronal cell development might lead in vivo to a decreased number of mature neurons in ATP1A1‐CMT disease.     

Rociletinib (CO-1686) enhanced the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and in vivo

Overexpression of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette subfamily G member 2 (ABCG2) in cancer cells is known to cause multidrug resistance (MDR), which severely limits the clinical efficacy of chemotherapy. Currently, there is no FDA-approved MDR modulator for clinical use. In this study, rociletinib (CO-1686), a mutant-selective epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), was found to significantly improve the efficacy of ABCG2 substrate chemotherapeutic agents in the transporter-overexpressing cancer cells in vitro and in MDR tumor xenografts in nude mice, without incurring additional toxicity. Mechanistic studies revealed that in ABCG2-overexpressing cancer cells, rociletinib inhibited ABCG2-mediated drug efflux and increased intracellular accumulation of ABCG2 probe substrates. Moreover, rociletinib, inhibited the ATPase activity, and competed with [¹²⁵I] iodoarylazidoprazosin (IAAP) photolabeling of ABCG2. However, ABCG2 expression at mRNA and protein levels was not altered in the ABCG2-overexpressing cells after treatment with rociletinib. In addition, rociletinib did not inhibit EGFR downstream signaling and phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Our results collectively showed that rociletinib reversed ABCG2-mediated MDR by inhibiting ABCG2 efflux function, thus increasing the cellular accumulation of the transporter substrate anticancer drugs. The findings advocated the combination use of rociletinib and other chemotherapeutic drugs in cancer patients with ABCG2-overexpressing MDR tumors.     

Increased FXYD1 and PGC‐1α mRNA after blood flow‐restricted running is related to fibre type‐specific AMPK signalling and oxidative stress in human muscle

Aim

This study explored the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) on mRNA responses of PGC‐1α (total, 1α1, and 1α4) and Na⁺,K⁺‐ATPase isoforms (NKA; α_1‐3, β_1‐3, and FXYD1) to an interval running session and determined whether these effects were related to increased oxidative stress, hypoxia, and fibre type‐specific AMPK and CaMKII signalling, in human skeletal muscle.

Methods

In a randomized, crossover fashion, 8 healthy men (26 ± 5 year and 57.4 ± 6.3 mL kg^?1 min^?1) completed 3 exercise sessions: without (CON) or with blood flow restriction (BFR), or in systemic hypoxia (HYP, ~3250 m). A muscle sample was collected before (Pre) and after exercise (+0 hour, +3 hours) to quantify mRNA, indicators of oxidative stress (HSP27 protein in type I and II fibres, and catalase and HSP70 mRNA), metabolites, and α‐AMPK Thr¹⁷²/α‐AMPK, ACC Ser²²¹/ACC, CaMKII Thr²⁸⁷/CaMKII, and PLBSer¹⁶/PLB ratios in type I and II fibres.

Results

Muscle hypoxia (assessed by near‐infrared spectroscopy) was matched between BFR and HYP, which was higher than CON (~90% vs ~70%; P < .05). The mRNA levels of FXYD1 and PGC‐1α isoforms (1α1 and 1α4) increased in BFR only (P < .05) and were associated with increases in indicators of oxidative stress and type I fibre ACC Ser²²¹/ACC ratio, but dissociated from muscle hypoxia, lactate, and CaMKII signalling.

Conclusion

Blood flow restriction augmented exercise‐induced increases in muscle FXYD1 and PGC‐1α mRNA in men. This effect was related to increased oxidative stress and fibre type‐dependent AMPK signalling, but unrelated to the severity of muscle hypoxia, lactate accumulation, and modulation of fibre type‐specific CaMKII signalling.

     

川芎嗪对发育期大鼠惊厥性脑损伤海马ATP酶与脑含水量变化的影响

目的观察发育期大鼠反复惊厥后海马ATP酶与脑含水量的动态变化及川芎嗪干预对其的影响。方法162只20日龄健康sD大鼠随机分为3组：对照组、惊厥组及川芎嗪干预组。通过三氟乙醚反复吸入（连续6次，每天1次）制作发育期大鼠惊厥动物模型。取海马组织匀浆，检测各组动物反复惊厥后6h、1d、3d、7d海马组织中Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca2^＋-ATP酶的活性变化，同时观察脑含水量变化和光镜下海马区神经元病理改变。结果反复惊厥后6h、1d、3d海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性均较对照组显著降低（P＜0．01），伴随脑含水量显著升高（P＜0．01），第7天三者与对照组相比较差异均无统计学意义（P＞0、05）。脑含水量变化与海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性变化均呈显著负相关（前者r=-0．711，后者r=-0．673，P均＜0．01）。川芎嗪干预组海马神经元水肿、变性坏死明显减轻，各时间点Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性较惊厥组显著升高（P＜0．05或P＜0、01），脑含水量显著降低（P＜0．01）。结论Na^＋K^＋ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性降低与惊厥性脑水肿和海马神经元迟发性损害密切相关，川芎嗪对发育期惊厥性脑损伤的保护作用可能与提高海马Na^＋-K^＋-ATP酶、Ca^2＋-ATP酶的活性有关。     

高功率微波辐射对小鼠心肌氧化应激及ATPase的影响

目的观察高功率微波辐射(high power microwave radiation,HPM)对小鼠心肌氧化应激及ATPase活性的影响。方法雄性ICR小鼠32只,随机分为4组(n=8):假照组、微波辐射10 min组、微波辐射20 min组、微波辐射30 min组。采用S波段,平均表面功率为10 mW/cm2微波;照射时间分别为0,10,20,30 min/次,每周2次,共2周。末次辐射完毕,立即处死小鼠,取心脏、冰冷生理盐水冲洗后,加入匀浆液制作匀浆。采用试剂盒测定超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-px)活性、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及Na+K+-ATPase和Ca2+Mg2+-AT-Pase活性。结果微波辐射后,与假照组比,微波辐射20 min组和微波辐射30 min组SOD活性降低(P<0.05)、GSH-px活性增加(P<0.05);而微波辐射20 min组GSH含量明显增加(P<0.01);微波辐射30 min组Ca2+Mg2+-ATPase活性明显降低(P<0.01),其他指标变化无明显统计学差异。结论微波辐射可能引起小鼠心脏氧化应激平衡状态以及Ca2+转运的改变。     

冷应激游泳和冷适应游泳对大鼠心肌和脑组织ATP酶、钙离子及自由基代谢的影响

目的:探讨冷应激游泳和冷适应游泳对大鼠心肌和脑自由基代谢、ATP酶活性和钙离子含量的影响。方法:30只健康雄性SD大鼠随机分成3组,每组10只。对照组不运动。冷应激游泳组前5周不运动,第6周末进行3天适应性游泳,每天1次,水温30℃,时间15 min。第7周在8℃水温中游泳1次,时间8 min,运动后即刻处死。冷适应游泳组适应性游泳3天,每天1次,水温30℃,时间15 min。之后进入正式训练:每天1次,起始水温30℃,时间40 min,从第2天起每天水温下降2℃,时间缩短3 min,每周训练6天,持续2周;从第3周起水温和时间保持在10℃、5 min,持续4周;第7周在8℃水温中游泳1次,时间8 min,运动后即刻处死。取材检测心肌和脑组织MDA含量、SOD活性、Na+-K+-ATP酶、Ca2+-ATP酶活性和Ca2+含量。各组大鼠每周称重1次。结果:冷适应游泳组大鼠体重较对照组和冷应激组显著降低。冷应激游泳组大鼠心肌和脑组织MDA含量较对照组显著升高,SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性显著下降,心肌组织Ca2+含量升高,脑组织Ca2+含量显著升高。冷适应游泳组大鼠心肌和脑组织MDA含量较冷应激游泳组显著下降,SOD、Na+-K+-ATP酶和Ca2+-ATP酶活性显著升高,心肌、脑组织Ca2+含量下降。结论:冷适应游泳有减重效果,能明显降低心肌和脑组织脂质过氧化损伤,提高其抗氧化系统能力,改善ATP酶活性,维持心肌和脑的正常钙含量。     

ATP binding by NLRP7 is required for inflammasome activation in response to bacterial lipopeptides

Nucleotide-binding oligimerization domain (NOD)-like receptors (NLRs) are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in innate immune responses. NLRs encode a central nucleotide-binding domain (NBD) consisting of the NAIP, CIITA, HET-E and TP1 (NACHT) domain and the NACHT associated domain (NAD), which facilitates receptor oligomerization and downstream inflammasome signaling. The NBD contains highly conserved regions, known as Walker motifs, that are required for nucleotide binding and hydrolysis. The NLR containing a PYRIN domain (PYD) 7 (NLRP7) has been recently shown to assemble an ASC and caspase-1-containing high molecular weight inflammasome complex in response to microbial acylated lipopeptides and Staphylococcus aureus infection. However, the molecular mechanism responsible for NLRP7 inflammasome activation is still elusive. Here we demonstrate that the NBD of NLRP7 is an ATP binding domain and has ATPase activity. We further show that an intact nucleotide-binding Walker A motif is required for NBD-mediated nucleotide binding and hydrolysis, oligomerization, and NLRP7 inflammasome formation and activity. Accordingly, THP-1 cells expressing a mutated Walker A motif display defective NLRP7 inflammasome activation, interleukin (IL)-1β release and pyroptosis in response to acylated lipopeptides and S. aureus infection. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the mechanism of NLRP7 inflammasome assembly.     

Structure–Activity Study of Bioisosteric Trifluoromethyl and Pentafluorosulfanyl Indole Inhibitors of the AAA ATPase p97

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“双固一通”电针法对老年阳虚证模型大鼠肝线粒体结构及ATP酶活性的影响

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