心肌营养素-1在高血压心室重塑中的作用

目的本文利用离体结合在体实验探讨心肌营养素-1(CT-1)在高血压心室重塑中的作用。方法离体实验用160 mm Hg的高静水压刺激原代培养的心肌成纤维细胞,同时用心肌营养素-1的反义寡核苷酸进行干预。分别用MTT法检测心肌成纤维细胞的增殖,放免法检测血管紧张素Ⅱ的浓度,Western blotting检测CT-1蛋白的表达。以L-NAME诱导的一氧化氮缺乏性高血压大鼠作为在体实验模型。用卡托普利进行干预。12周后处死动物,取材观察心肌组织病理变化,检测心肌中血管紧张素Ⅱ及羟脯氨酸的浓度,同时检测心肌中CT-1的表达。结果高静水压能明显促使心肌成纤维细胞增殖,血管紧张素Ⅱ分泌增加,CT-1合成上调(光密度值1.56±0.24 vs 0.95±0.19,P<0.01),而CT-1的反义寡核苷酸能抑制高静水压诱导的细胞增殖和血管紧张素Ⅱ分泌。而进行在体实验的大鼠给予L-NAME后血压明显升高,心肌组织中血管紧张素Ⅱ和羟脯氨酸分泌增加,CT-1表达上调(光密度值1.79±0.21vs 1.02±0.12,P<0.01),经卡托普利干预后,与L-NAME组相比,血压明显下降,心肌组织中羟脯氨酸浓度降低,血管紧张素Ⅱ分泌减少,CT-1表达下调(1.12±0.15 vs 1.79±0.21,P<0.05)。结论从在体和离体实验证明CT-1在高血压心室重塑中发挥着重要的调节作用,且这一作用与肾素血管紧张素系统有关。     

Costello syndrome: Clinical phenotype,genotype, and management guidelines

Costello syndrome (CS) is a RASopathy caused by activating germline mutations in HRAS. Due to ubiquitous HRAS gene expression, CS affects multiple organ systems and individuals are predisposed to cancer. Individuals with CS may have distinctive craniofacial features, cardiac anomalies, growth and developmental delays, as well as dermatological, orthopedic, ocular, and neurological issues; however, considerable overlap with other RASopathies exists. Medical evaluation requires an understanding of the multifaceted phenotype. Subspecialists may have limited experience in caring for these individuals because of the rarity of CS. Furthermore, the phenotypic presentation may vary with the underlying genotype. These guidelines were developed by an interdisciplinary team of experts in order to encourage timely health care practices and provide medical management guidelines for the primary and specialty care provider, as well as for the families and affected individuals across their lifespan. These guidelines are based on expert opinion and do not represent evidence‐based guidelines due to the lack of data for this rare condition.     

The CCS1 gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae which is involved in mitochondrial functions is identified as IRA2 an attenuator of RAS1 and RAS2 gene products

Summary The ccs1-1 mutation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has been previously described, is associated with an increase in cytochrome content, in respiration, and in ATP synthesis. In addition, this mutation leads to the same phenotype as cells de-regulated in the cAMP pathway. From a yeast genomic library, we have isolated a DNA fragment in a recombinant plasmid pCD1 which complements the ccs1-1 mutation. Homologous integration of this DNA in the genome occurs at the CCS1 locus. An 11 kb of the DNA insert is necessary for complementation. Sequencing part of the fragment identifies CCS1 as the IRA2 gene. The IRA2 gene is known to encode an attenuator of RAS gene product activity which stimulates the GTPase activity of the RAS proteins. This result underlines the involvement of cAMP-dependent phosphorylation in mitochondrial function. We present the sequence of 1 kb DNA upstream of the putative ATG of the IRA2/CCS1 gene product which is devoid of an ORF and could contain several regulatory sites.     

Gallbladder adenocarcinoma arising in Rokitansky–Aschoff sinus

Carcinoma arising from Rokitansky–Aschoff sinus (RAS) is extremely rare; only eight cases have been reported in the literature. Herein is reported a case of minute adenocarcinoma arising in RAS. A 77‐year‐old Japanese man with gallbladder stones underwent cholecystectomy. A tiny submucosal tumor (1 cm × 1 cm) was incidentally recognized. Histologically, the submucosal tumor was located in the subserosa and, to a lesser extent, in the fibromuscular layer. It was adenocarcinoma. RAS were recognized within the tumor, and there was a gradual transition between RAS and the adenocarcinoma. Mucin histochemistry indicated neutral and acidic mucins in the cytoplasm and lumens of the adenocarcinoma cells. Immunohistochemistry showed that the adenocarcinoma cells were positive for cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, carbohydrate antigen 19‐9, K‐i67 (labeling = 80%), MUC1, MUC5AC and MUC6. In contrast, the adenocarcinoma cells were negative for CEA, c‐erbB2, p53 protein, MUC2 and CD10. In summary, minute subserosal adenocarcinoma, which arose in RAS, was found incidentally; therefore careful examination of resected gallbladders is necessary.     

In ovarian neoplasms, BRAF, but not KRAS, mutations are restricted to low-grade serous tumours

Genes of the RAF family, which mediate cellular responses to growth signals, encode kinases that are regulated by RAS and participate in the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK/MAP-kinase pathway. Activating mutations in BRAF have recently been identified in melanomas, colorectal cancers, and thyroid and ovarian tumours. In the present study, an extensive characterization of BRAF and KRAS mutations has been performed in 264 epithelial and non-epithelial ovarian neoplasms. The epithelial tumours ranged from adenomas and borderline neoplasms to invasive carcinomas including serous, mucinous, clear cell, and endometrioid lesions. It is shown that BRAF mutations in ovarian tumours occur exclusively in low-grade serous neoplasms (33 of 91, 36%); these included serous borderline tumours (typical and micropapillary variants), an invasive micropapillary carcinoma and a psammocarcinoma. KRAS mutations were identified in 26 of 91 (29.5%) low-grade serous tumours, 7 of 49 (12%) high-grade serous carcinomas, 2 of 6 mucinous adenomas, 22 of 28 mucinous borderline tumours, and 10 of 18 mucinous carcinomas. Of note, two serous borderline tumours were found to harbour both BRAF and KRAS mutations. The finding that at least 60% of serous borderline tumours harbour mutations in two members of the ERK-MAP-kinase pathway (BRAF 36%, KRAS 30%) compared with 12% of high-grade serous carcinomas (BRAF 0%, KRAS 12%) indicates that the majority of serous borderline tumours do not progress to serous carcinomas. Furthermore, no BRAF mutations were detected in the other 173 ovarian tumours in this study.     

肝癌组织靶向性正义与反义表达载体pEBAF/N-ras的构建

目的用分子克隆技术构建肝癌组织特异性N-rascDNA正义与反义表达载体.方法用BamHI酶切携带目的基因的质粒pZIP-NeoSV(X)1,获得1.06kbN-rascDNA;同时以BamHI将载体pEBAF线性化,并行去磷酸化修饰,用T4DNA连接酶将两者连接,转化感受态细菌DH5α.先以酶切和随机引物法标记的N-rascDNA探针进行菌落原位杂交筛选阳性重组克隆,再以PvuⅡ酶切鉴定插入方向,同时进行DNA测序和同源性分析.结果成功构建肝癌组织特异性正义与反义表达载体pEBAF/s-N-ras和pEBAF/as-N-ras.结论成功构建的N-rascDNA正/反义表达载体,为原发性肝癌的发生机理和基因治疗研究奠定良好的基础.     

益肾降压方对RPH大鼠降压及肾脏保护作用的研究

目的 :研究益肾降压方降低RPH大鼠血压、改善肾功能的作用及机制。方法 :采用大鼠 5/6肾切除术法建立RPH模型。动态测定血压、肌酐、尿素氮 ,及在给药8周后测定血浆PAR ,AⅡ ,TXB₂,6-酮 PGF_1α的含量。同时观察给药 8周后RPH大鼠肾脏病理改变。结果 :各剂量益肾降压方均可降低RPH大鼠的BP ,Cr。但对RPH大鼠BUN未见影响 ;各剂量益肾降压方可显著降低血浆PAR ,AⅡ ,同时还可显著降低TXB2 含量 ,升高血浆 6-酮-PGF_1α含量。各剂量益肾降压方组大鼠肾小球硬化 ,肾小管的萎缩均明显好于对照组和西药组。结论 :益肾降压方可降低RPH大鼠的血压 ,并对肾脏具有保护功能 ;益肾降压方的降压作用和对肾脏的保护功能是通过影响RPH大鼠肾素 血管紧张素 醛固酮系统而完成。     

养血清脑颗粒对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮的影响

目的:通过研究养血清脑颗粒对自发性高血压大鼠(SHR)循环和肾组织局部RAS活性的影响,探讨其作用机制和靶点。方法:60只SHR大鼠随机分为模型组,卡托普利组,牛黄降压丸组,养血清脑颗粒高、中、低剂量组,共6组,同时选取10只WHY大鼠作为对照组。给药8w后,用仪器SN-695B型放免γ测量仪以放免的方法测定血浆和肾脏组织内血管紧张素Ⅱ(AngⅡ)、醛固酮(Ald)。结果:使用各组药物后,肾组织血管紧张素-醛固酮系统变化显著,养血清脑颗粒中剂量组AngⅡ含量和模型组相比有显著差异,P<0.001;高剂量组、低剂量组和模型组相比,也有显著性差异P<0.05。养血清脑颗粒高、中剂量组醛固酮含量比模型组明显降低。结论:养血清脑颗粒很可能是通过在肾组织内血管紧张素-醛固酮系统发挥其降压作用和肾脏保护作用的。     

Changes in protein and gene expression of angiotensin II receptors (AT1 and AT2) in aorta of diabetic and hypertensive rats

Diabetes and hypertension have been associated with cardiovascular diseases and stroke. Some reports have related the coexistence of hypertension and diabetes with increase in the risk of developing vascular complications. Recently some studies have shown results suggesting that in the early stages of diabetes and hypertension exist a reduced functional response to vasopressor agents like angiotensin II (Ang II), which plays an important role in blood pressure regulation mechanism through the activation of its AT₁ and AT₂ receptors. For that reason, the aim of this work was to study the gene and protein expression of AT₁ and AT₂ receptors in aorta of diabetic SHR and WKY rats. Diabetes was induced by the administration of streptozotocin (60?mg/kg i.p.). After 4 weeks of the onset of diabetes, the protein expression was obtained by western blot and the mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Our results showed that the hypertensive rats have a higher mRNA and protein expression of AT₁ receptors than normotensive rats while the AT₂ expression remained unchanged. On the other hand, the combination of diabetes and hypertension increased the mRNA and protein expression of AT₁ and AT₂ receptors significantly. In conclusion, our results suggest that diabetes with hypertension modifies the mRNA and protein expression of AT₁ and AT₂ receptors. However, the overexpression of AT₂ could be associated with the reduction in the response to Ang II in the early stage of diabetes.