Hepatitis B immunity in adolescents and necessity for boost vaccination: 23 years after nationwide hepatitis B virus vaccination program in Taiwan

The first universal hepatitis B vaccination program for newborns in the world was launched in Taiwan in July 1984. Most studies on the effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination focused on the seroprevalence of HBs Ag among children under 14 years old. Only few studies focused on the seropositivity of anti-HBs among adolescents aged 15–18 years old. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of the nationwide hepatitis B vaccination program on the immunity to HBV infection and the necessity of boost among adolescents. In this study including eight annual seroprevalence surveys from 2000 to 2007, 2342 college entrants (1589 15-year-olds in group I and 753 18-year-olds in group II) and 1851 university freshmen (18-year-olds in group III) participated. Subjects identified anti-HBs, HBs Ag and anti-HBc negative were given boost three doses of HBV vaccine. The HBs Ag seroprevalence was 11.6%, 3.5% and 1.0% for participants who were born before 1984, 1984–1986 and after 1986. The anti-HBs-seropositive rates were significantly higher in group II (83.1%) than in group I (53.0%) and group III (53.5%). All 572 participants who were seronegative for anti-HBs, HBs Ag and anti-HBc became anti-HBs-seropositive after catch-up vaccination. It is concluded that the anti-HBs-seropositive rate decreased to 50% in 15 years after vaccination, and boost vaccination was 100% effective. The necessity and age for boost among anti-HBs negative adolescents and the timing of the first immunization should be further evaluated.     

血源乙型肝炎疫苗免疫持久性观察

为了解血源乙型肝炎（乙肝）疫苗的免疫持久性,对澄江县1991～1995年按照0、1、6个月免疫程序完成血源乙肝疫苗接种的人群,按接种后间隔1～5年分组,每组随机抽取100名儿童,采末梢血,共得517份免疫者的血清样品．用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测抗-HBs、HBsAg。结果表明,接种乙肝疫苗2年内抗-HBs阳性率在90％以上,以后随间隔年眼的延长而明显下降,间隔5年降至60％,人群平均保护率达78.57％．     

国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗的免疫动力学研究

目的　评价国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗(YDV)的免疫学效果,建立免疫动力学模型,以预测国产YDV的免疫持久性,为初次免疫后何时进行加强免疫提供参考依据。方法　采用队列研究的方法,对接种国产YDV者的乙肝病毒表面抗体(抗HBs)滴度进行了5年的追踪观察。利用曲线拟合方法建立免疫动力学模型,并对其免疫持久性进行预测。在接种疫苗后第8年,再次对研究队列进行抗 HBs滴度实际测定,以检验模型预测结果的可靠性。结果　接种YDV5年后,抗HBs阳性率由接种后第1年的10 0 %下降到73% ,抗 HBs几何平均滴度(GMT)由接种后第1年的16 0mIU/ml下降到5 3mIU/ml。到第8年时,实际测定值下降到35mIU/ml,所拟合的模型为Y =16 5 . 6 7exp(- 0 .0 19X) ,决定系数R2 为0 . 98,模型预测的结果为2 7mIU/ml,比实际值低8mIU/ml。结论　按照模型预测的结果,接种国产YDV 12年后,其抗 HBsGMT为10 74mIU/ml,仍维持在10mIU/ml的保护性水平以上。由于在第8年时,模型预测值低于实际测定值,因此国产YDV的抗HBsGMT至少可维持12年的预测结果有一定的可靠性。     

Extended HBV vaccination in liver transplant recipients for HBV-related cirrhosis: Report of two successful cases

The effectiveness of hepatitis B virus vaccination in liver transplant recipients for hepatitis B virus-related end-stage liver disease is controversial. We report two successful cases, who developed sustained protection after long-term vaccination. Case 1. A 58-year-old male, transplanted 9 years earlier, received three intramuscular monthly doses of 40 microg of recombinant S vaccine and developed an anti-hepatitis B surface titre of 154 IU/L. After an additional 40 microg dose, he reached an anti-hepatitis B surface peak of 687 IU/L and then maintained a "protective" titre (>100 IU/L) without further vaccinations for the next 40 months. At this time, revaccination with three monthly doses of 40 microg resulted in an anti-hepatitis B surface titre greater than 25,000 IU/L, sustained over time. Case 2. A 56-year-old woman, transplanted 8 years earlier, first received three intramuscular monthly doses of 40 microg of S vaccine without developing any detectable anti-HBs. She was then given multiple intradermal vaccine doses which resulted in a titre of 37 IU/L. Next, after readministration of three 40 microg intramuscular monthly doses, she developed an anti-HBs titre of 280 IU/L. In the following 4 years, the anti-HBs titre dropped below 100 IU/L four times (at month 20, 30, 38 and 44) and readministration of single 40 microg doses of vaccine was always sufficient to restore a protective titre. Conclusion. Extended HBV vaccination may afford valid protection against HBV recurrence in selected liver transplant recipients.     

口腔医院患者乙型肝炎相关流行病学调查

目的：研究口腔医院患者乙型肝炎病毒（hepatitis B virus,HBV）感染在年龄、性别、不同免疫时间节点及不同科室来源之间的分布。方法：收集2019年1—4月南京医科大学附属口腔医院就诊患者3 996例的HBV感染相关检测数据,并进行统计分析。结果：按全国人口统计年龄构成比标化后,乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）、乙肝表面抗体（抗?HBs）标准化率分别为3.86%、51.66%。抗?HBs阳性率在年龄分层里出现双波峰。人群HBsAg阳性率在实行乙肝疫苗计划免疫后降低。正畸组HBsAg阳性率显著低于种植、住院患者。结论：乙肝疫苗的计划免疫对阻碍HBV感染起着积极作用,但保护性抗体会逐年下降,需要及时进行疫苗再次接种。建议口腔医院患者在进行治疗前进行血清传染病的各项检查以了解患者基本情况,诊疗时需要做好消毒防护工作,全面预防HBV在口腔医院内的交叉感染。     

某高校7年间新生HBV感染情况调查

[目的]了解辽宁某高校新生HBV感染情况及对情况的分析。[方法]对2000～2006年某高校新生入学体检时测定肝功、乙肝表面抗原、乙肝抗原抗体系统,并对7年的测定结果进行描述分析。[结果]该高校2000～2006年新生HBsAg阳性率最高为5.62%,“大三阳”阳性率最高为1.98%,“小三阳”阳性率最高为2.17%,抗-HBS阳性率最高为52.4%。[结论]该高校7年间新生的HBsAg阳性率较低;抗HBs阳性率呈增高趋势,说明学生乙肝疫苗的注射率增加,人们的保健意识增强。     

国产乙型肝炎酵母重组疫苗的免疫效果观察

采用０、１、６月免疫程序，对３６４名６￣１２岁健康小学生接种３批国产乙肝酵母重组疫苗。结果接种儿童中均未观察到严重的全身反应和局部反应。首针免疫后３、７和１２个月，抗ＨＢｓ阳转率分别为８２．４％，９８．８％和９９．１％，首免后１２个月抗体ＧＭＴ未见明显下降。表明国产乙肝酵母重组疫苗是安全的，并可诱导较高抗体应答。     

接种乙肝疫苗后抗-HBs最高滴度与保护水平持久性的关系探讨

本文自1985年对300名HBV血清感染指标均阴性者采用0、1、6免疫方案,经肌肉注射A、B、C三种乙肝疫苗,并按全程免疫后抗-HBs最高滴度将其中266人分为四个水平组(10~100,101~500,501~1000,>1000 mIU/ml),追踪3年,以探讨抗-HBs最高滴度与保护水平持续时间的关系。结果在三年过程中,抗-HBs最高滴度在10~100mIU/ml者,1年后52.6%抗-HBs滴度下降到10 mIU/ml以下。第2、3年则有84.2%和94.7%。抗-HBs最高滴度在101~500mIU/ml者,三年分别有5.2%、31.0%和56.9%,其抗-HBs下降10mIU/ml以下。而抗-HBs最高滴度>1 000mIU/ml者,即使三年后其GMT仍>100mIU/ml,并仅有0.7%,其抗-HBs降到10mIU/ml以下。尽管四组抗-HBs最高滴度不同,但其抗-HBs滴度下降率却无差别。首次免疫后前24个月下降快,几乎下降全部滴度的90%,以后下降缓慢。因此,以全程免疫后抗-HBs最高滴度来推测乙肝疫苗保护作用的持久性和加强免疫时间比定期测定血清中抗-HBs水平或统一定为3年或5年更经济有效。     

乙肝表面抗原阳性孕妇肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白预防母婴传播52例分析

①目的　探讨经母体对胎儿行被动免疫在预防乙型肝炎病毒 (HBV)宫内感染中的作用。②方法　对自孕 2 0周起多次肌注乙肝免疫球蛋白 (HBIG)的HBsAg(+)孕妇 52例 (A组 )及未注射的 32例HBsAg(+)孕妇 (B组 ) ,用固相放免法和套式PCR检测母血HBsAg、HBV -DNA及新生儿血HBsAg、抗HBs、HBV -DNA。③结果　A组 52例新生儿中 48例血清抗HBs(+) ,与B组相比具有显著差异 (P <0 .0 5)。A组新生儿血HBsAg、HBV -DNA检出率均明显低于B组。A组孕妇用药后血HBsAg滴度及HBV -DNA水平较用药前明显降低。④结论　经母体对胎儿行被动免疫可有效的预防HBV宫内感染     

Prevalence of National Responsiveness to HBV Vaccine After 22 Years of Iranian Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study

Context:

Hepatitis B Virus expanded program on immunization (EPI) started on 1993 in Iran. Most surveys have assessed the level of response to vaccine by measuring the titers of anti-HBs. This meta- analysis aimed to summarize the Iranian published data on the rate of vaccine-responders versus non-responders. Moreover, the impact of variables such as age, gender, type of vaccine, etc. on the levels of responsiveness was evaluated.

Evidence Acquisition:

All published papers on this topic in Iranian and international journals with affiliation of “Iran” were reviewed using standard keywords up to 2014. We included our study to healthy participants with no previous HBV infection and who had already received a complete course of HB vaccine. The estimated prevalence and 95% confidence intervals in 28 eligible articles for HBV vaccine responders (anti-HBs > 10 IU/mL) and non-responders (10 <) were analyzed by random effect method due to between-study heterogeneity.

Results:

The age of subjects was between 6 months and 15 years old. Overall, 5991 (51.5%) were male and 4571 (48.5%) females. Overall, 80% were responders to vaccine versus 20% nonresponders. With increase in age, the number of responders to vaccine decreased significantly (P = 0.001). There was no strong difference between responders versus nonresponders to vaccine for gender, types of vaccine, ethnicity and living area.

Conclusions:

The results arose from this meta-analysis highlighted the safety of vaccine and its effectiveness in stimulating immune response of vaccines, despite being different in generation, manufacturers and types. Moreover, there was no substantial difference between Iranian and other international investigations in the rate of nonresponsiveness to HBV vaccine.