硬膜下积液治疗经验总结（附27例临床分析）

目的总结不同类型硬膜下积液治疗经验。 方法对解放军总医院第六医学中心神经外科自2009年1月至2014年10月手术治疗并完整随访的27例硬膜下积液患者进行回顾性分析。根据术前影像学特征鉴别积液是否为血性，将患者分为血性硬膜下积液患者（9例）和非血性硬膜下积液患者（18例）。根据积液是否为血性选择个性化治疗方案，观察其疗法。 结果9例血性硬膜下积液患者接受钻孔外引流手术，8例积液消退，另外1例无效，之后接受硬膜下腹腔分流后治愈。非血性硬膜下积液患者中14例接受硬膜下腹腔分流，12例有效，2例术后出现脑积水，经脑室-腹腔分流术治愈；2例术前合并脑积水接受脑室-腹腔分流术，均有效；另外2例最初接受积液外引流，无效，之后行硬膜下腹腔分流后积液消退。 结论对于硬膜下积液患者，术前需仔细评估积液是否为血性，是否合并脑积水。血性积液采取钻孔外引流，非血性积液采取硬膜下腹腔分流，合并脑积水的积液采取脑室-腹腔分流手术方式，给予个体化治疗，可获得满意疗效。     

Increase in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 associated parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema after the introduction of PCV13 in Germany

IntroductionPediatric pneumococcal pneumonia complicated by parapneumonic pleural effusion/empyema (PPE/PE) remains a major concern despite general immunization with pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs).MethodsIn a nationwide pediatric hospital surveillance study in Germany we identified 584 children <18 years of age with bacteriologically confirmed PPE/PE from October 2010 to June 2018. Streptococcus pneumoniae was identified by culture and/or PCR of blood samples and/or pleural fluid and serotyped.ResultsS. pneumoniae was identified in 256 of 584 (43.8%) children by culture (n = 122) and/or PCR (n = 207). The following pneumococcal serotypes were detected in 114 children: serotype 3 (42.1%), 1 (25.4%), 7F (12.3%), 19A (7.9%), other PCV13 serotypes (4.4%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (7.9%). Between October 2010 and June 2014 serotype 1 (38.1%) and serotype 3 (25.4%) were most prevalent, whereas between July 2014 and June 2018 serotype 3 (62.7%) and non-PCV13 serotypes (15.7%) were dominant. Compared to children with other pneumococcal serotypes, children with serotype 3 associated PPE/PE were younger (median 3.2 years [IQR 2.1–4.3 years] vs. median 5.6 years [IQR 3.8–8.2 years]; p < 0.001) and more frequently admitted to intensive care (43 [89.6%] vs. 48 [73.8%]; p = 0.04). Seventy-six of 114 (66.7%) children with pneumococcal PPE/PE had been vaccinated with pneumococcal vaccines. Thirty-nine of 76 (51.3%) had received a vaccine covering the serotype detected. Thirty of these 39 breakthrough cases were age-appropriately vaccinated with PCV13 and considered vaccine failures, including 26 children with serotype 3, three children with serotype 19A and one child with serotype 1.ConclusionFollowing the introduction of PCV13 in general childhood vaccination we observed a strong emergence of serotype 3 associated PPE/PE in the German pediatric population, including a considerable number of younger children with serotype 3 vaccine breakthrough cases and failures. Future PCVs should not only cover newly emerging serotypes, but also include a more effective component against serotype 3.     

Correlation between cow’s milk protein allergy and otitis media: a systematic review

ObjectivesTo review the evidence pertaining to the association between cow’s milk protein allergy and recurrent acute otitis media and otitis media with effusion.MethodsThe CENTRAL, Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE, LILACS databases, and gray literature were searched.ResultsFour studies were included, identifying the prevalence rates: 0.2% of delayed speech due to chronic otitis media with effusion in 382 children with cow’s milk protein allergy, 10.7% of cow’s milk protein allergy in 242 children who underwent ENT procedures, 40% of cow’s milk protein allergy in 25 children with recurrent otitis media with effusion and higher tendency to otitis media in children with cow’s milk protein allergy of 186 children (1.5 + 0.6 vs. 0.4 + 0.1; p < 0.1).ConclusionConsidering the characteristics and methodological variations of the identified studies, it is not possible to state that there is reliable evidence of an association between cow’s milk protein allergy and otitis media.     

Clinicopathological Profile of Myelomatous Pleural Effusion: Single-center Real-world Experience and Review of Literature

Background

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy of plasma cell origin. MM primarily affects bone marrow, but extramedullary sites can also be involved. Myelomatous pleural effusion (MPE) is an atypical and rare complication of MM. We aimed to systematically study the incidence and clinicopathologic profile of patients with MPE in a real-world setting.

The transverse and oblique sinuses of the pericardium: Anatomic and echocardiographic insights

A number of masses and pseudomasses may be encountered during the echocardiographic examination of the transverse and oblique sinuses with significant clinical implications. This review discusses the clinically relevant anatomy of the pericardial sinuses emphasizing diagnostic pitfalls that may be encountered during their echocardiographic examination.     

CA153联合CA199对良恶性腹腔积液的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨腹腔积液中CA153联合CA199对良恶性腹腔积液的鉴别诊断价值。方法选择98例腹腔积液患者,经手术病理诊断为恶性腹腔积液者为观察组(48例),良性腹腔积液者为对照组(50例)。检测并比较2组患者腹腔积液中的CA153、CA199水平及CA153、CA199的阳性结果,分析CA153及CA155单用及联合应用对恶性腹腔积液的诊断效能。结果观察组腹腔积液中的CA153及CA199水平均明显高于对照组,P <0. 05。观察组CA153及CA199阳性率明显高于对照组,P <0. 05。CA153、CA199对恶性腹腔积液诊断的敏感性、特异性及准确性对比,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05);CA153+CA199的敏感性、特异性及准确性明显高于单项CA153及CA199(P <0. 05)。结论 CA153与CA199单项检测对恶性腹腔积液的诊断价值有限,CA153+CA199对恶性腹腔积液的诊断价值较高,值得临床推广应用。     

小儿心包积液28例临床分析

目的：探讨小儿心包积液的病因、分类及诊断。方法：病例回顾性分析。结果：28例中，化脓性心包积液4例，结缔组织疾病所致心包积液16例，肾病综合征所致心包答液4例，病毒性、肺吸虫性、幼年型粘液性水肿及肿瘤性心包积液各1例。治愈、好转25例，另3例，分别死于急性心包填塞，风湿性全心炎、心功能不全、呼衰、纵隔肿瘤广泛转移。结论：小儿心包积液，可由多种致病因素引起。其临床特点，对该病的诊治有重要意义。