降钙素防治骨质疏松模型兔的人工假体无菌性松动的实验研究

[目的]探讨降钙素对已行人工假体植入骨质疏松模型免的假体无菌性松动防治作用的实验研究。[方法]将30只假体植入模型的骨质疏松症兔随机分成实验组和对照组，各15只。实验组给予鲑鱼降钙素治疗（6U／kg，肌注，隔日1次），而对照组给予等量的生理盐水肌注，持续治疗半年。两组均分别于术前、术后4、8、12和24周检测假体周围感应区（ROI）骨密度（BMD）；于术前及术后4、12、24周行血清骨代谢指标检测：骨特异性碱性磷酸酶（BALP）、骨钙素（BGP）、抗酒石酸酸性磷酸酶-5b（TRAP-5b）；所有动物于术后24周处死，分别行假体拔出实验与扭转实验测定和假体周围骨组织形态计量学分析。[结果]术后24周，实验组假体周围局部感兴趣区BMD增加近5％，而对照组假体周围局部感兴趣区BMD下降了6％，两组比较有显著性差异（P〈0．01）；骨代谢指标中，术后24周实验组的BALP、BGP稍有下降，但组内无显著性差异（P〉0．05），而TRAP-5b有明显下降（P〈0．05），这些指标与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．05或P〈0．01）；生物力学检测显示，实验组的假体拔出实验较对照组提高了约50％，扭转实验提高近1倍，且两组比较差异显著（P〈0．01）；骨组织形态计量学显示，实验组中反映骨吸收的Oc．No／Tb．Pm、ES／BS明显减少；反映骨量和微结构的％Tb．Ar、Tb．N明显增多，而Tb．Sp明显变窄：反映骨形成与骨矿化的OS／BS、MAR、BFR／TV及％L．Pm也均明显增多；这些指标与对照组比较差异显著（P〈0．01或P〈0．05）。[结论]鲑鱼降钙素能明显减少人工假体周围骨量的丢失和抑制骨溶解；并加快假体周围的骨形成，提高骨密度，促进生理性骨矿化；还能改善骨质量，促进骨微结构改变，提高骨的生物力学特性并增加假体四周的支撑力。其对骨质疏松症兔的假体松动有明显的预防和治疗作用。这对临床预防和治疗人工关节的无菌性松动有很好的指导意义。     

钛颗粒负荷对切应力作用下骨髓间质干细胞F-actin表达和DNA含量的影响

假体磨损碎屑颗粒是引起假体一骨界面无菌性炎症和骨溶解而致全关节置换术失败的主要原因之一。磨屑颗粒所诱发的骨溶解须有周围骨组织中成骨细胞分泌足够的骨基质以弥补丢失的骨量，而成骨细胞正常的数量和质量有赖于其来源骨髓祖细胞—骨髓问质干细胞的正常增殖分化能力的维持。为了探讨磨屑钛颗粒对大鼠骨髓间质干细胞(Rat MSCs，rMSCs)产生细胞毒性的可能细胞分子机制，选用健康3月龄SD雄性大鼠，采用Percoll等密度梯度离心法分离获取rMSCs，经体外传代纯化培养后，与不同直径、不同负荷浓度、不同负荷作用时间的钛颗粒悬液共孵育，再采用精准的流室系统对钛颗粒负荷的rMSCs施加一定的流体剪切应力(Fluid shear stress，FSS)后立刻固定细胞，经免疫荧光抗体染色，结合激光共聚焦显微镜技术和图像分析软件定性定量分析rMSCs F—actin表达和DNA含量的变化情况。同时设置相应的未经钛颗粒孵育的rMSCs细胞为对照组细胞。结果显示，切应力作用可上调rMSCs胞内F—actin的表达。亚微(Submieron)直径(0．9μm)的钛颗粒负荷对rMSCs F—actin表达和DNA含量的抑制作用最为显著，并伴有凋亡小体出现；直径为2．7μm的钛颗粒负荷产生的抑制作用略为减弱，而较大直径(6．9μm)的抑制效应最弱。相同条件下，钛颗粒负荷对F—actin的抑制效应有一定的时间和浓度依赖性：以0．1wt％浓度对F—actin表达和DNA含量的抑制效应最为明显，亦有凋亡小体的出现；随着浓度的降低，抑制作用亦减弱，以0．01wt％浓度最弱；随着作用时间的延长，F—actin表达和DNA含量逐渐降低，至实验中的32h达到最低值。提示：磨屑颗粒对rMSCs活力的抑制作用是假体无菌性松动的可能分子机制，对其具体细胞分子机制进行深入研究，必将有助于有效防治假体松动药物的研发应用以及人工关节材料的优化设计，从而为全关节置换术患者真正带来福音。     

微量恒流直流电刺激仪的研制及应用

微量直流电刺激治疗骨不连、促进骨折愈合的方法，已在临床应用中得到显著疗效，但对刺激电流量的选择尚缺乏定量研究，电流刺激促进骨折愈合的机制仍不清楚。本实验中研制的微量恒流直流电刺激仪（ＣＤＭＣ－１型），具有自行反馈调节稳定电流的功能，刺激电流强度选择范围广（０～２０００Ａ），精确度高（±１Ａ），便于操作使用等优点。直流电刺激具有促进体外培养成骨细胞生长和代谢作用，影响细胞排列方向。该仪器为定量研究刺激电流强度及作用机制，提供了条件和方法。     

股骨头钻孔骨移植髋关节外支撑治疗股骨头无菌坏死

探讨股骨头钻孔管移植髋关节外支撑治疗股骨头无菌坏死的疗效。方法 :股骨头钻孔去除坏死骨加上腓骨骨移植 ,髋关节外支撑架固定。结果 :治疗成人股骨头坏死1 1例 ,男 8例 ,女 3例 ;平均年龄 40岁 ,平均病史 2年 ;本组Ⅰ～Ⅲ期 8例 ,Ⅲ～Ⅳ期 3例 ;随访2年 ,优良率 86 6 %。结论 :本术式优点是 :注重彻底清除坏死骨 ,髋关节外植骨 ,早期负重。     

An echovirus 30 outbreak with a high meningitis attack rate among children and household members at four day-care centers

Echovirus 30 (E 30) outbreaks in defined cohorts have rarely been reported. In June 1996, an outbreak of E 30 occurred in four day-care centers (DCCs) in neighboring villages in Germany. A retrospective cohort study of DCC children, employees and household members was done to determine the extent of the outbreak and risk factors for illness. Forty-two percent (39/92) of DCC children, 13% (30/228) of their household members, 5% (1/19) of employees and 2% (1/49) of household members of employees were ill. Onsets occurred over 31 days. Thirteen percent (12/92) of DCC children had meningitis. In only one of 16 households with multiple family members ill, illness in a family member preceeded that of the DCC child. Household members of ill DCC children were 15 times more likely to report illness than those of non-ill DCC children. We conclude that this outbreak was associated with a very high incidence of meningitis, the outbreak began in the DCCs and then spread to household members, and that household members of ill children compared to those of non-ill children were much more likely to report illness.     

浙江省局部地区2002～2003年流行的无菌性脑膜脑炎的病原学检测与分析

浙江省局部地区 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年多次出现无菌性脑膜脑炎的流行。为对疫情进行病原学检测与分析 ,采集了临床标本 ,采用HEp 2、RD、Vero等细胞分离病毒 ,并用肠道病毒通用引物进行特异性逆转录 聚合酶链反应 (RT PCR)扩增。结果显示 :5 1份脑脊液标本中分离出埃可病毒 30型 (ECHO3 0 ) 5株 ,柯萨奇病毒B组 5型 (Coxsack ievirusB5,Cox B5) 1株 ;6 8份粪便标本中分离出ECHO3 0 34株 ,Cox B51株。RT PCR的结果与上述病毒分离结果相一致。此外 ,对采集的 1 5例患者的急性期、恢复期双份血清测定了特异性中和抗体 ,其中 1 3例患者抗体呈≥ 4倍增长。证实引起浙江省局部地区 2 0 0 2～ 2 0 0 3年无菌性脑膜脑炎的主要病原为ECHO3 0 。     

Predominance of enterovirus B and echovirus 30 as cause of viral meningitis in a UK population

Background/ObjectivesEnteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic or lymphocytic meningitis, particularly in children. With reports of unusually severe neurological disease in some patients infected with enterovirus D68 in North America, and a recent increase in the number of paediatric enterovirus meningitis cases presenting in this UK Midlands population, a retrospective regional surveillance study was performed.Study designCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples received were tested using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HSV-1/2, VZV, enteroviruses and parechoviruses. Enterovirus PCR positive CSF samples were sent for further serotyping. A phylogenetic tree was constructed of the echovirus 30 VP1 sequences, where sufficient sample remained for sequencing.ResultsThe number of enterovirus positive CSFs from each year were: 21 (2008), 7 (2011), 53 (2012), 58 (2013) and 31 (2014). Overall, 163 of the 170 serotyped enteroviruses belonged to the species B (echovirus 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 21, 25, 30; coxsackie B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, A9), with only 7 belonging to species A (coxsackie A2, A6, A16 and enterovirus 71). Echovirus 30 was the predominant serotype overall, identified in 43 (25.3%) of samples, with a significantly higher proportion in the adult age group (37.3%) compared to the infant age group (12.3%). Phylogenetic analysis showed that these UK Midlands echovirus 30 VP1 sequences clustered most closely with those from Europe and China.ConclusionThis study showed a continued predominance of echovirus 30 as a cause of viral meningitis, particularly in adults, though more surveillance is needed.     

Infection after fracture fixation: Current surgical and microbiological concepts

One of the most challenging complications in trauma surgery is infection after fracture fixation (IAFF). IAFF may result in permanent functional loss or even amputation of the affected limb in patients who may otherwise be expected to achieve complete, uneventful healing. Over the past decades, the problem of implant related bone infections has garnered increasing attention both in the clinical as well as preclinical arenas; however this has primarily been focused upon prosthetic joint infection (PJI), rather than on IAFF. Although IAFF shares many similarities with PJI, there are numerous critical differences in many facets including prevention, diagnosis and treatment. Admittedly, extrapolating data from PJI research to IAFF has been of value to the trauma surgeon, but we should also be aware of the unique challenges posed by IAFF that may not be accounted for in the PJI literature.This review summarizes the clinical approaches towards the diagnosis and treatment of IAFF with an emphasis on the unique aspects of fracture care that distinguish IAFF from PJI. Finally, recent developments in anti-infective technologies that may be particularly suitable or applicable for trauma patients in the future will be briefly discussed.     

骨科和胸外科行清洁手术患者术后罹患医院获得性肺炎影响因素分析

目的 研究清洁手术术后医院获得性肺炎发生的影响因素,并提出相应的预防控制措施.方法 采用流行病学病例-对照研究的方法,回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年9月骨科和胸外科清洁手术术后发生医院获得性肺炎(感染组32例)与未发生(对照组70例)患者在性别、年龄、肺部基础疾病、糖尿病、预防应用抗菌药物、术中追加抗菌药物、应用抑酸剂、术前肺功能/血气、手术时间、手术时长、术后口腔护理等方面的差异.结果 在单因素分析中感染组与对照组患者,肺部基础疾病[感染组46.9％(15/32),对照组15.6％ (11/70),x2=11.227,P =0.007]、手术时间≥180 min[感染组62.5％ (20/32),对照组31.4％ (22/70),x2 =8.753,P=0.003]、术后未进行口腔护理[感染组71.9％(23/32),对照组40.6％(28/70),x2 =8.925,P=0.012]方面差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在调整了年龄、性别、糖尿病、术前肺功能/血气的影响后,肺部基础疾病[感染组46.9％(15/32),对照组15.6％ (11/70),比值比(OR)=11.953,95％置信区间(CI):8.132 ～ 18.287)、手术时间(≥180 min)[感染组62.5％ (20/32),对照组31.4％ (22/70);OR=3.152,95％CI:1.014 ～7.258]、术中未追加抗菌药物[感染组81.2％ (26/32),对照组59.4％(42/70);OR =9.738,95％CI:3.401 ～ 14.176]、术后未做口腔护理[感染组71.9％(23/32),对照组40.6％(28/70);OR=7.838,95％ CI:2.974 ～ 16.118)]是清洁手术术后发生医院获得性肺炎的独立危险因素.结论 入院完善各项检查,及时评估患者肺部基础疾病状态、时间超过3h的大手术在术中追加抗菌药物、术后定期进行口腔护理可以减少清洁手术术后医院获得性肺炎的发生.