Thought–Action Fusion in Individuals with a History of Recurrent Depression and Suicidal Depression: Findings from a Community Sample

Although suicidal ideation is one of the most consistent symptoms across recurrent episodes of depression, the mechanisms underpinning its maintenance are poorly understood. In order to develop effective treatments for suicidally depressed patients, understanding what maintains suicidal distress is critical. We hypothesised that Thought–Action Fusion (TAF), i.e., to assume that having a thought has real world consequences, originally described in Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, might be a bias in recurrently suicidally depressed people. To assess this, we revised the original TAF scale, and assessed TAF in three samples: healthy controls, recurrently depressed individuals with no history of suicidality (D-NS) and individuals with a history of recurrent suicidal depression (D-S). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses indicated a three-factor solution of TAF: (1) TAF for uncontrollable events, (2) self-suicidal TAF for suicidal acts related to oneself, and (3) TAF for positive controllable events. Compared to healthy controls, the D-NS group reported significantly higher total TAF, TAF uncontrollable, and TAF self-suicidal subscales, whilst positive controllable TAF was lower compared to healthy controls. Both D-S and D-NS samples reported higher TAF for suicidal thought compared to healthy controls, i.e., believing that having suicidal thoughts means they will act on them, however in the context of low mood this became more pronounced for the D-S group. These findings suggest that targeting TAF both in suicidal and non-suicidal depression has merit.     

Reduction plastic surgery of the female breast

Hypertrophy of one or both breasts of severe ptosis are indications for reducing mammaplasty. The women concerned are often exposed to considerable physical and psychic strains. Surgical results obtained from 50 patients are reported in this paper, with reference being made to complications. On follow-up assessment, almost all patients felt better after the operation and were satisfied with the surgical outcome, in spite of the scars left.     

Discovery of Spiro[cyclohexane-dihydropyrano[3,4-b]indole]-amines as Potent NOP and Opioid Receptor Agonists

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Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma as a rare differential diagnosis of small cell lung cancer

Primary pulmonary rhabdomyosarcoma is a rare entity and the histological differential diagnosis can be difficult. We report on a 43-year old female patient, smoker (25 pack-years), in whom a large solitary brain metastasis was diagnosed and enucleated. Histological examination revealed a typical small cell carcinoma and histological examination of biopsies obtained from a tumor in the left upper lobe of the lung was compatible with a small cell carcinoma. Despite chemotherapy there was a progressive tumor growth. Bronchial biopsies again showed a small cell tumor, although immunohistochemistry proved it to be a pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma. Due to the progressive tumor growth with necrosis and superinfection and a lack of further metastases lobectomy of the left upper lobe was performed, complicated by postoperative pleural empyema, limiting the possibilities of adjuvant therapy. Early relapse occurred with pleural, pulmonary, chest wall and spinal metastases. Laminectomy and extirpation of the spinal metastases, local radiotherapy and chemotherapy with iphosphamide and doxorubicine led to partial remission and clinical improvement for few months only. The patient died from metastatic primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the lung. This rare tumor mimicked small cell lung cancer. Appraisal of the atypical clinical course and a close dialogue between pathologists and clinicians enabled the correct diagnosis.     

Predictive Visual Motion Extrapolation Emerges Spontaneously and without Supervision at Each Layer of a Hierarchical Neural Network with Spike-Timing-Dependent Plasticity

The fact that the transmission and processing of visual information in the brain takes time presents a problem for the accurate real-time localization of a moving object. One way this problem might be solved is extrapolation: using an object''s past trajectory to predict its location in the present moment. Here, we investigate how a simulated in silico layered neural network might implement such extrapolation mechanisms, and how the necessary neural circuits might develop. We allowed an unsupervised hierarchical network of velocity-tuned neurons to learn its connectivity through spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). We show that the temporal contingencies between the different neural populations that are activated by an object as it moves causes the receptive fields of higher-level neurons to shift in the direction opposite to their preferred direction of motion. The result is that neural populations spontaneously start to represent moving objects as being further along their trajectory than where they were physically detected. Because of the inherent delays of neural transmission, this effectively compensates for (part of) those delays by bringing the represented position of a moving object closer to its instantaneous position in the world. Finally, we show that this model accurately predicts the pattern of perceptual mislocalization that arises when human observers are required to localize a moving object relative to a flashed static object (the flash-lag effect; FLE).SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our ability to track and respond to rapidly changing visual stimuli, such as a fast-moving tennis ball, indicates that the brain is capable of extrapolating the trajectory of a moving object to predict its current position, despite the delays that result from neural transmission. Here, we show how the neural circuits underlying this ability can be learned through spike-timing-dependent synaptic plasticity and that these circuits emerge spontaneously and without supervision. This demonstrates how the neural transmission delays can, in part, be compensated to implement the extrapolation mechanisms required to predict where a moving object is at the present moment.     

Life-threatening upper airway edema caused by a distal rattlesnake bite.

A 36-year-old man captured a timber rattlesnake and was accidentally envenomated in the thumb by the severed head. At a local emergency department, hypotension and confusion developed. Facial and glossal edema were also observed. Oxygen was delivered by face mask, and crystalloids and dopamine were administered. Respiratory distress developed with progressive hypoxemia. Intubation was unsuccessful because of massive glossal and epiglottic (laryngeal) edema, and an emergency cricothyrotomy was performed. High-dose antivenom therapy was administered, and mechanical ventilation was started. Recovery was rapid, and the patient was discharged from the hospital a week later. This is the first report of life-threatening upper airway edema caused by snake envenomation not in the vicinity of the head or neck.     

Universal Mindfulness Training in Schools for Adolescents: a Scoping Review and Conceptual Model of Moderators,Mediators, and Implementation Factors

Prevention Science - There is evidence that universal school-based mindfulness training (SBMT) can have positive effects for young people. However, it is unknown who benefits most from such...