儿童单纯性蛋白尿的病因诊断分析

对２０例单纯性蛋白尿的临床和病理资料进行分析。结果发现,肾功能性蛋白尿９例（４５％）,其中直立性蛋白尿（ＯＰ）、胡桃夹现象（ＮＣＰ）各３例,ＯＰ并ＮＣＰ３例;肾实质性蛋白尿１１例（５５％）,其中肾小球性蛋白尿９例〔系膜增生性肾炎（ＭｓＰＧＮ）３例,ＩｇＡ肾病（ＩｇＡＮ）１例,特发性膜性肾病（ＩＭＮ）２例,局灶性节段性肾小球硬化（ＦＳＧＮ）、轻微病变（ＭＬ）、Ａｌｐｏｒｔ综合征（ＡＳ）各１例〕,肾小管性蛋白尿２例。对两类蛋白尿的临床特征及鉴别要点和病因进行了讨论,建议应先初筛有无ＯＰ和ＮＣＰ,然后再酌情进行肾活检。     

单纯性血尿病因诊断分析

报告１２３例儿童单纯性血尿临床和病理资料分析。结果表明，单纯性血尿在小儿泌尿系疾病中占有重要地位（占１９．２％）。１２３例中单因肾性血尿４６例（占３７．４％），单因非肾性血尿６７例（占５４５％），两种病因并存者１０例。系膜增生性肾炎，薄基底膜病和轻微病变是肾性血尿的主要病因；特发性高钙尿症和“感冒通”所致的药物性血尿是非肾性血尿的主要病因。提示肾活检电镜检查在行性血尿病因诊断中及尿钙测定在单纯性血尿病因诊断中均有重要意义。     

持续镜下血尿4个月

１病例介绍患儿，女，４岁７个月。因“持续镜下血尿４个月”收入住院。患儿于４个月前（当时年龄为４岁３个月）出现尿频，无尿急尿痛，伴发热，最高温度达３９．５℃，在当地医院查尿常规示尿蛋白（－），红细胞，白细胞，诊断为①急性肾炎；②急性泌尿道感染，住院...     

头低足高俯卧位降低儿科ICU呼吸机相关性肺炎的效果

目的探讨合理的体位管理方案以降低儿科ICU机械通气患儿呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)的发生率。方法选取2013年6月-2017年6月收治于华中科技大学同济医学院附属同济医院儿童重症医学科行机械通气的460例患儿为研究对象。按使用机械通气的前后顺序交替分为观察组(n=230)和对照组(n=230)。两组患儿在对症支持治疗和机械通气常规护理的基础上给予不同的体位管理方案,每2~3小时改变体位1次。观察组给予头低足高倾斜俯卧位与其他体位交替进行,对照组则给予常规仰卧位与侧卧位交替进行。比较两组患儿机械通气前5天痰液引流量、两组患儿胸片改善时间、机械通气持续时间、VAP发生率以及相关并发症发生率。结果观察组患儿机械通气前5天内痰液引流量较对照组更多,观察组患儿胸片改善时间及机械通气持续时间均少于对照组,且VAP发生率均低于对照组(均P<0.05),两组患儿并发症发生率无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论在儿科ICU机械通气患儿中采取头低足高倾斜俯卧位可以显著提高患儿的通气效果,降低机械通气持续时间和VAP发生率,且不会增加相关并发症风险。     

穿心莲成分API0134对系膜增殖性肾炎家兔一氧化氮、内皮素的影响

为探讨穿心莲 API0 1 34 防治家兔系膜增殖性肾炎 (Ms PGN )作用机理 ,采用高胆固醇饲料另加牛血清白蛋白一次性注射方法建立家兔 Ms PGN模型 ,观察 4～ 8周 ,检测血清一氧化氮 (NO) ,血浆内皮素 (ET) ,环鸟苷酸(c GMP)脂质过氧化物以及肾组织形态学改变。结果发现 ,与模型组相比较 ,穿心莲成分 API0 1 34 预防用药 4～ 8周能升高血清 NO,c GMP含量和 SOD活性 (P<0 . 0 1) ,降低 ET和 L PO的含量 (P<0 .0 1) ,其肾脏病理损害较轻 ,而模型组病理损害较重。认为 API0 1 34 能够抗氧化 ,保护系膜细胞 ,维持 NO/ ET平衡 ,阻止肾脏组织病变。     

Pinar综合征二例

例1 男,5岁3个月,因全身水肿、尿少2个月入院。无明显诱因起病,父母为非近亲结婚。起病初在外院发现血压150/110 mmHg,BUN 62.9 mmol/L、Scr1 086.3μmol/L。曾给予降压、激素及腹透等治疗。入院前尿量约50 ml/d。入院体检 血压120/70 mmHg,无特殊面貌,贫血面容。心尖搏动位于第四肋间右锁骨中线外0.5 cm处,腹部膨隆,移动性     

38例儿童特发性IgM肾病临床与病理分析

目的 探讨小儿IgM肾病的临床病理特点及预后。方法 收集整理同济医院38例IgM肾病患儿病例，对其临床表现、病理及疗效进行分析。结果 IgM肾病多表现为肾病综合征(17例)，其次为单纯性血尿(13例)，也可表现为持续性蛋白尿、血尿伴蛋白尿。38例均可见IgM弥漫性沉积于肾小球系膜区，31例(81．58％)可见电子致密物的沉积，20例(52．63％)存在球囊粘连，9例(23．68％)伴有间质炎性细胞浸润。17例肾病综合征者经激素或激素加免疫抑制剂治疗后均可完全缓解。13例单纯性血尿者经中药及对症治疗后，肉眼血尿消失，镜下血尿有不同程度的减轻但仍持续存在。随访25例，21例复发(84％)但无患儿发生肾功能不全，其预后有待进一步观察。结论 儿童IgM肾病有其独特的临床病理特征及预后，应将其作为一种独立的疾病，以便更好地指导临床治疗。     

特发性高钙尿症——关于“持续镜下血尿4个月”的病案讨论

（思考病案见本期５４页）１病例特点患儿女,发病年龄４岁３个月。主要表现为持续性镜下血尿,病程达４个月,病前半个月有脓皮病史,病初有发热史,伴有尿频,但无尿急尿痛症状,无明显浮肿、尿少及高血压等症状。起病初期外院查尿常规示蛋白阴性,红细胞,白细胞,...     

儿童乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎

１基本概念ＨＢＶ感染除可引起肝脏病变外，还可引起肾炎，我国于１９８９年将其统一命名为乙型肝炎病毒相关性肾炎（ＨＢＶ－ＧＮ），简称乙肝肾炎。大量资料表明，ＨＢＶ－ＧＮ以ＨＢＶ感染高发区多、男性儿童多、膜性肾病多及临床表现为肾病综合征多为基本特征。１９９...     

Childhood Henoch-Schoenlein Purpura Nephritis and IgA Nephropathy：One Disease Entity？——A Clinico-pathologically Comparative Study

Summary： In order to characterize their relationship through clinicopathological comparison between IgA nephropathy and Henoch-Schoenlein purpura nephritis （HSPN）, 31 children with IgA nephrop- athy aged between 3 to 15 years and 120 children with HSPN aged between 4 to 15 years were compared with each other in clinical manifestation, blood biochemistry, serum immunology and followup study. Renal pathological findings under light microscope, immunofluorescence and electronic microscope were analyzed and also compared between 31 children with IgA nephropathy and 32 biopsied children with HSPN. The results showed that the onset age was over 12 years in 25.8 % children with IgA nephropathy, but only 10 % in HSPN （P〈0.05）. The clinical patterns of IgA nephropathy and HSPN were similar, but extra-renal manifestations were more often in HSPN, all of them had skin purpura, 59 % had gastrointestinal symptoms and 47 % suffered from arthralgia, compared with only abdominal pain in 3.2 % children with IgA nephropathy. The renal pathological investigation showed global sclerosis in 35.5 % of IgA nephropathy and 3.1% of HSPN, mesangial sclerosis in 41.9 % of IgA nephropathy and 6.3 % of HSPN, but endothelial proliferation in 65.6 % of HSPN and 29 % of IgA nephropathy （all P〈0.01）. Thin basement membrane nephropathy was only found in 6. 5 % children with IgA nephropathy, no in HSPN. The electronic dense deposits in HSPN were sparse, lodse and wildly spread in glomerular mesangium, subendothelial area and even intra basement membrane, but it was dense, lumpy and mostly limited in mesangium and paramesangium in IgA nephropathy. Predominant IgA deposits were found in 81.2% of HSPN, and overwhelming IgG deposits in 12.5 % of HSPN with relatively weak IgA deposits, moreover 6.3 % of HSPN showed linear IgG deposits in glomerular capillary. Totally 71. 9 G of HSPN had IgG deposits in glomeruli and only 19.4% of IgA nephropathy showed glomerular IgG deposits （P〈0. 01）. No IgG deposit was observed in 81. 6 % of IgA nephropathy, among them most showed IgA and IgM and/or C3 deposits, moreover overwhelming IgG deposits and linear IgG deposits couldn＇t be found in IgA nephropathy. Mean 20 months follow-up showed complete remission in 72.5% of HSPN, but only 19.4% in IgA nephropathy after 34 months follow-up. Moreover, 64.5 % of IgA nephropathy had consistent hematuria and proteinuria and 16. 1% had active nephritides （P〈0.05）. It was concluded that significant clinico-pathological difference was found between HSPN and IgA nephropathy, which didn＇t support the one disease entity hypothesis. HSPN and IgA nephropathy are probably two diseases with similar immune abnormalities.