Impacts of HIV infection and long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral human papilloma virus type 16

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 309–314 Background: The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence and the copy numbers of oral human papilloma virus type 16 (HPV‐16) in HIV‐infected patients compared with non‐HIV controls, and (ii) the effects of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and its duration on the virus. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was carried out in HIV‐infected patients with and without ART and in non‐HIV controls. Saliva samples were collected, and the DNA extracted from those samples was used as a template to detect HPV‐16 E6 and E7 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student’s t‐test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. Results: Forty‐nine HIV‐infected patients: 37 on ART (age range, 23–54 years; mean, 37 years), 12 not on ART (age range, 20–40 years; mean, 31 years), and 20 non‐HIV controls (age range, 19–53 years; mean, 31 years) were enrolled. The prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus were significantly higher in HIV‐infected patients than in non‐HIV controls when using E6 assay (geometric mean = 10696 vs. 563 copies/10⁵ cells, P < 0.001), but not E7 assay. No significant difference was observed between those who were and were not on ART. Long‐term use of ART did not significantly change the prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus (P = 0.567). Conclusion: We conclude that the prevalence of oral HPV‐16 infection and the copy numbers of the virus are increased by HIV infection. Neither the use of ART nor its duration significantly affected the virus.     

Effects of long-term use of antiretroviral therapy on the prevalence of oral Epstein-Barr virus

J Oral Pathol Med (2012) 41 : 249–254 Background: The objectives of this study were to determine (i) the prevalence of oral Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) in HIV‐infected subjects compared to non‐HIV controls and (ii) the effects of long‐term use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) on the prevalence of oral EBV. Methods: A cross‐sectional study was performed in HIV‐infected subjects with and without ART, and non‐HIV individuals. DNA in saliva samples was extracted and used as a template to detect EBV BamH1W and EBNA1 by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Student t‐test and ANOVA test were performed to determine the prevalence rates among groups. Results: Forty‐nine HIV‐infected subjects: 37 on ART (age range 23–54 year, mean 37 year), 12 not on ART (age range 20–40 year, mean 31 year), and 20 non‐HIV controls (age range 19–53 year, mean 31 year) were enrolled. The numbers of EBV BamH1W in saliva were found to be significantly higher in HIV‐infected subjects than non‐HIV controls (80% vs. 20%, mean = 12 118 vs. 134 copies/10⁵ cells, P < 0.001). HIV‐infected subjects who were on ART had significantly lower numbers of EBV BamH1W than those who were not (mean = 4102 vs. 138 613 copies/10⁵ cells, P = 0.011). The numbers were significantly lower in those who received long‐term ART compared with short‐term (mean = 1401 vs. 11 124 copies/10⁵ cells, P = 0.034). No significant difference was observed between the groups when using EBNA1 primers. Conclusions: Prevalence of oral EBV was significantly higher in HIV‐infected subjects than non‐HIV‐controls. The numbers of the virus were significantly decreased by ART. Long‐term use of ART did not increase oral EBV.