Confounded association between proton pump inhibitor use and risk of biliary tract cancer: Result from three cohorts

Recent epidemiological studies suggested that proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use was associated with an increased risk of biliary tract cancer (BTC), however, confounders were not adequately controlled. Our study aimed to evaluate PPI use and subsequent risk of BTC and its subtypes in three well-established cohorts. We conducted a pooled analysis of the subjects free of cancers in UK Biobank (n = 463 643), Nurses' Health Study (NHS, n = 80 235) and NHS II (n = 95 869). Propensity score weighted Cox models were used to estimate marginal HRs of PPIs use on BTC risk, accounting for potential confounders. We documented 284 BTC cases in UK Biobank (median follow-up: 7.6 years), and 91 cases in NHS and NHS II cohorts (median follow-up: 15.8 years). In UK biobank, PPI users had a 96% higher risk of BTC compared to nonusers in crude model (HR 1.96, 95% CI 1.44-2.66), but the effect was attenuated to null after adjusting for potential confounders (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.60-1.49). PPI use was not associated with risk of BTC in the pooled analysis of three cohorts (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.60-1.43). We also observed no associations between PPI use with risk of intrahepatic (HR 1.00, 95% CI 0.49-2.04), extrahepatic bile duct (HR 1.09, 95% CI 0.52-2.27) and gallbladder cancers (HR 0.66, 95% CI 0.26-1.66) in UK Biobank. In summary, regular use of PPIs was not associated with the risk of BTC and its subtypes.     

宏基因组学测序诊断曼氏裂头蚴病1例

患者于2000年无明显诱因发现下腹部游走性包块，20年来多次就诊，未明确病因。2020年8月11日发现包块游走于左侧腋前，微创手术取出不完整白色虫体3段，用宏基因组学测序鉴定虫体，明确诊断为曼氏裂头蚴病。2021年10月21日经手术取出完整虫体，患者康复出院；随访患者身体状况良好，全身未发现新包块。     

Review of clinical characteristics,immune responses and regulatory mechanisms of hepatitis E-associated liver failure

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the most common cause of acute liver failure (LF) and one of the most common factors causing acute injury in acute-on-chronic LF (ACLF). When HEV-related LF occurs, a series of changes take place in both the intrahepatic environment and extrahepatic microenvironment. The changed types and distribution of immune cells (infiltrating macrophages and increased lymphocytes) in liver tissue, as well the increased proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the blood, indicate that the occurrence and progression of HEV-related LF are closely related to immune imbalance. The clinical features and immune reaction in the body during HEV-related acute LF (ALF) and ACLF are complicated. This review highlights recent progress in elucidating the clinical manifestations of HEV-associated ALF and ACLF and discusses the corresponding systemic immune changes and possible regulatory mechanisms.     

Serial MRI findings of acute flaccid myelitis during an outbreak of enterovirus D68 infection in Japan

Objecive

To clarify the neuroimaging findings of children with acute flaccid myelitis during an outbreak of EV-D68 infection.

孤独症谱系障碍患儿常规开展遗传代谢病筛查的必要性

孤独症谱系障碍(ASD)是一种神经发育障碍性疾病,病因十分复杂。部分遗传代谢病(又称先天性代谢异常, IEM)患儿,同时伴有ASD或孤独样症状,对IEM的治疗能在一定程度上缓解ASD,因此IEM很可能是ASD的病因之一。本文就此讨论是否应该在ASD患儿中常规开展IEM筛查。