Ethyl lactate as a potential green solvent to extract hydrophilic (polar) and lipophilic (non-polar) phytonutrients simultaneously from fruit and vegetable by-products

Phytonutrients extracted from natural resources are receiving much attention among researchers due to their highly antioxidative characteristics which prevent several degenerative diseases including cardiovascular diseases and cancers. These nutraceutical compounds can be used in food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic products as natural antioxidants, preservatives, colourants and functional foods. Huge volume of food wastes are generated from the processing industry and these low-value food residues are rich in various phytonutrients worth recovering. This approach of valorisation reduces the generation of food wastes and is cost-effective considering the cheap feedstock, reduced waste management expenses and high market value of extracted compounds. In light of the health and safety risks posed by commonly used organic extraction solvents derived from the petrochemical industry, there is a need to recover the phytonutrients using green, sustainable and efficient solvents that are safe for human consumption. This work discusses ethyl lactate as a safe, green, efficient and potentially cheap solvent to recover phytonutrients from fruit and vegetable by-products. Ethyl lactate is compared with other organic solvents commonly used from the aspects of safety, environmental impacts and efficiency. Current challenges when employing ethyl lactate are also discussed.     

猪原位肝移植模型改进的研究

目的　探讨猪同种异体原位肝移植模型的改进方法。方法　选封闭群小型猪为实验动物 ,对既往猪原位肝移植模型进行系列改进 ,观察新建动物植模型的成功率、重复性和稳定性。结果在实验动物选择、手术方式及术中监护管理等方面进行改进的基础上行同种异体原位肝移植 2 0次 ,手术时间 (181.0± 2 5 .8)min及无肝期 (2 8.4± 3.2 )min较传统猪原位肝移植术明显缩短。动物术后肝功能恢复顺利 ,1周存活率 90 % ,15例动物长期存活。长期存活动物的血管和胆管并发症发生率低。结论　改进后的猪同种异体原位肝移植模型具有操作简便 ,标准化程度及手术成功率高 ,重复性和稳定性好的优点 ,是大动物肝移植系列研究的较理想动物模型     

指背腱膜的解剖学研究

目的 探讨指背腱膜的构成特点及临床意义。方法 在30只成人尸体手标本上，通过模拟手术，对指背腱膜的构成特点进行了应用解剖学观测。结果 指背腱膜的构成复杂，其中的外侧腱束、外侧束、外侧腱和中央束在手指畸形的发生中有着特殊的临床意义。外侧腱束主要形成伸近节指间关节的功能解剖机制；其与外侧束形成的密切纤维联系而具有协同外侧腱的功能；该腱束与屈肌腱鞘有联系又使其具有平衡屈肌和伸肌肌力的作用。中央束在指背腱膜的整体协调、畸形的发生及矫正过程中起着重要的功能。结论 通过对指背腱膜的解剖研究，可以解释因指屈、伸肌腱平衡被破坏后所形成的畸形。     

小血管套叠粘接吻合法在血液透析者中建立动静脉内瘘的应用

慢性肾病患者常需要建立动静脉内瘘进行透析，常规间断缝合法吻合动静脉难度大、耗时长。为了缩短吻合时间，提高远期通畅率，进行了套叠粘接吻合法建立动静脉内瘘的实验研究，并将这一方法应用于透析患者建立动静脉内瘘的血管吻合。将动脉端套入静脉端，只需吻合两针，用医用胶封闭吻合口。经８个月观察，通畅率达１００％，血流量均超过３００ｍｌ／ｍｉｎ。达到了透析需要。     

新型白细胞滤器LD-1对体外循环中红细胞的保护作用

目的研究一种新型白细胞滤器LD-1在体外循环(CPB)中对红细胞的保护作用。方法将25～30kg蒙古犬12只按随机数字表法分为对照组和LD-1过滤组(LD组),每组6只。对照组不使用白细胞滤器;LD组将白细胞滤器LD-1安装于CPB的静脉回流端,在CPB开始2min后打开滤器,过滤5min。分别于CPB前、CPB10min、40min、75min、停CPB和CPB后2h取静脉血测定白细胞(WBC)数量、血浆丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和游离血红蛋白(FHB)水平,并测定红细胞脆性。结果在CPB中各时间点LD组WBC数量均显著低于CPB前(P<0.01),且明显低于对照组(P<0.05);对照组血浆SOD水平在CPB75min后显著降低,而LD组血浆SOD水平在CPB75min、停CPB及CPB后2h均显著高于对照组(P<0.05,0.01);在CPB后各时间点LD组MDA水平均低于对照组,但无统计学意义;对照组在停CPB和CPB后2h,红细胞开始溶血和完全溶血所需的氯化钠浓度明显高于LD组(P<0.05);CPB后两组血浆FHB浓度均升高(P<0.01),但LD组在CPB40min后各时点均显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论新型白细胞滤器LD-1在CPB中能有效去除白细胞,保存血浆的抗氧化能力,抑制氧自由基对红细胞的破坏。     

The impact of poverty on educational outcomes for children

Over the past decade, the unfortunate reality is that the income gap has widened between Canadian families. Educational outcomes are one of the key areas influenced by family incomes. Children from low-income families often start school already behind their peers who come from more affluent families, as shown in measures of school readiness. The incidence, depth, duration and timing of poverty all influence a child’s educational attainment, along with community characteristics and social networks. However, both Canadian and international interventions have shown that the effects of poverty can be reduced using sustainable interventions. Paediatricians and family doctors have many opportunities to influence readiness for school and educational success in primary care settings.     

电针配合TDP照射治疗颈性眩晕82例观察

颈性眩晕是由于颈部椎间盘变形、髓核突出、慢性劳损、外伤和炎症等因素刺激和压迫周围的神经和血管，引起大脑供血不足而出现以眩晕、恶心、呕吐、颈部僵痛、视力障碍甚至猝倒为主的一类病症。笔者用电针配合TDP照射颈部治疗颈性眩晕，取得较好疗效，总结如下。     

2-甲酰(乙酰)取代喹啉缩氨基硫脲的合成

缩氨基硫脲类化合物有抗肿瘤、抗病毒和抗菌等多种药理活性。Barret等首次报道了乙二醛二缩氨基硫脲(Ⅰ)的抗疟活性。Klayman等研究了缩