急性肺损伤小鼠外周血树突状细胞数量及功能状态的变化

目的 探讨急性肺损伤(ALI)小鼠外周血树突状细胞(DC)数量及功能状态的变化.方法 雄性SPF级C57BL/6小鼠36只,6～8周龄,体重18～22 g,采用随机数字表法,将小鼠分为2组(n=18):对照组(C组)和ALI组.ALI组气管内注射脂多糖2 mg/kg,以制备ALI模型,C组注入等容量的PBS.于注入LPS或PBS后6、12和24 h(T1-T3)时随机取6只小鼠,麻醉后开胸取右心室血样,采用流式细胞仪检测外周血DC数量及DC表达CD80、MHCⅡ的水平;随后处死小鼠,取肺组织,计算湿重/体重(WW/BW)比,光镜下观察病理学结果,行肺损伤评分,采用ELISA法检测肺组织IL-6含量.结果ALI组可见肺泡间隔增宽、充血、出血及大量炎性细胞浸润等病理改变.与C组比较,ALI组各时点肺组织WW/BW比、IL-6含量、肺损伤评分升高,T1时外周血DC数量减少,T3时增多,T2、T3时DC表达MHCⅡ水平上调(P＜0.05).与T1时比较,ALI组T2时肺组织IL-6含量升高,T2、T3时外周血DC数量增多,DC表达MHCⅡ水平上调(P＜0.05);与T2时比较,ALI组T3时外周血DC数量增多(P＜0.05);2组各时点外周血DC表达CD80水平差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 ALI小鼠外周血DC数量早期减少,随后逐渐增多,功能呈渐成熟状态.     

急性胰腺炎的罕见病因——肾综合征出血热(附一例报道和文献复习)

目的探讨肾综合征出血热合并急性胰腺炎的临床特点和治疗预后,以提高临床对此病的认识。方法回顾性分析1例肾综合征出血热合并急性胰腺炎病人的临床资料及文献复习,对本病的病因、临床表现、诊断和治疗进行分析。结果病人因腹痛、呕吐、发热入院,结合高淀粉酶/脂肪酶血症、腹部CT提示胰周积液,诊断为急性胰腺炎。但考虑到其同时存在头痛、结膜充血、颜面部潮红、肾损伤以及血小板低等临床征象,这些都是单纯急性胰腺炎所不能解释的,而更符合肾综合征出血热的临床特点。最终通过详细询问病史,获悉其常有接触老鼠病史,查肾综合征出血热病毒抗体IgG、IgM均为阳性,最终得以确诊。结论临床医师应该提高对肾综合征出血热并发急性胰腺炎的认识,早期诊断和治疗对病人预后至关重要。     

急性坏死性胰腺炎合并大出血的单中心回顾性研究

目的探讨急性坏死性胰腺炎(ANP)合并大出血的临床特征, 并分析其诊疗方法及效果。方法回顾性分析2015年9月至2020年12月南京医科大学第一附属医院胰腺中心收治的44例ANP合并大出血患者的临床资料, 其中男性34例, 女性10例, 年龄(48.9±12.2)岁。收集患者的出血部位、出血干预措施以及治疗结果等临床资料。采用电话或门诊复诊的方式随访。结果在44例ANP合并大出血患者中, 胃肠道出血8例, 腹腔内出血31例, 混合型出血5例。ANP起病至发生出血的时间间隔为30.5(20.8, 43.0)d。胃肠道出血和混合型出血的13例患者中:4例因上消化道溃疡在内镜下成功止血;5例数字减影血管造影(DSA)检查发现出血后, 经血管内栓塞成功止血;4例通过外科手术止血成功。在31例腹腔内出血患者中:24例进行DSA检查;7例未行DSA(3例因血流动力学趋于稳定予保守治疗;2例因胰腺坏死感染手术清创后24 h内出血予立即开腹手术止血;1例因家属放弃治疗未行DSA;1例在准备DSA时死亡)。在29例进行DSA的患者中, 69.0%(20/29)的患者发现了血管异常, 其中脾动脉出血最为常...     

老年急性胰腺炎临床特点和治疗分析

目的 探讨老年急性胰腺炎（AP）患者的临床特征和诊疗效果。方法 回顾性地分析南京医科大学第一附属医院胰腺中心2012年1月至2014年12月期间收治的164例老年AP患者（老年组,年龄≥60岁）临床特征和疗效,并与同期收治的309例非老年AP患者（对照组,年龄＜60岁）进行对比分析。结果 老年组AP的主要病因为胆道疾病,其次为高脂血症,老年组胆源性AP发生率明显高于对照组（84.15% vs 59.55%,P＜0.001）,高脂血症性AP发生率明显低于对照组（9.14% vs 31.07%,P＜0.001）。老年组和对照组主要全身并发症均为脏器功能衰竭（20.12% vs 18.77%,P＞0.05）,但老年组全身感染和持续性全身炎症反应综合征发生率明显高于对照组,两组间差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,两组间局部并发症发生率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。老年组重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）发生率与对照组相当（18.90% vs 18.77%）,但病死率明显高于对照组（7.93% vs 3.56%,P＜0.05）。结论 老年AP患者合并基础疾病多,易发生全身并发症,发展为SAP后病死率高,临床应予以早期诊断和有效治疗,可改善老年AP患者的预后。     

评价膈肌功能指导慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者撤机的可行性研究

Objective To evaluate the predictive performance of neuro-mechanical coupling (NMC) and neuro-ventilatory coupling (NVC) in the weaning outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Sixteen patients were enrolled when the criteria for their first spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) was met. A 30-minute SBT was attempted, with the measurement of electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) , NMC, NVC, NVC ×NMC, index of rapid shallow breathing (f/Vt) , airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) and f/Vt ×P0.1 at 0, 5 and 30 min. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the predictive performance of each index. Results Successful weaning(S group) was observed in 6 patients while weaning failure(F group) in 10 patients. (1)The predictive capacity of Edi: at 30 min of SBT, Edi showed higher values in the F group (P ＜ 0. 05), the area under the ROC curves(AUC) was 0. 817(P ＜0. 05). (2) The predictive capacity of NVC and NMC:at 5, 30 min of SBT, NVC and NMC showed higher values in the S group (P ＜0. 05); at 30 min of SBT NVC presented the largest AUC than any other time of SBT (0. 822, P ＜ 0. 05), while the AUC of NMC was 0. 800 (P ＞ 0. 05). (3) The predictive capacity of NVC × NMC: at 30 min of SBT, the AUC of NVC × NMC was larger than NVC (0. 864, P ＜ 0. 05) , showing greater sensitivity (100. 0%) and specificity (83. 3%) .(4) The predictive capacity of f/Vt and P0.1: f/Vt and f/Vt × P0.1 presented poor predictive performance in the failed patients. Conclusions Edi, NVC and NVC × NMC were good predictor for the weaning outcome in patients with COPD.     

从“step-up”到“step-jump”—— 感染坏死性胰腺炎“跨阶梯”治疗

“step-up”升阶梯模式是当代感染坏死性胰腺炎（INP）的重要治疗模式之一,部分病人因此获益。然而,INP病情复杂多变决定了其治疗不可千篇一律采用同一种方法,而是需要根据病人具体情况,采用有针对性的治疗方案。对部分势必需要外科干预的病人应跨越传统的“step-up”序贯治疗程序,宜采取“step-jump”跨阶梯治疗策略对病人提前外科干预。应对病人的实际情况进行分型,构建INP不同干预方式的临床预测模型,从而进行更精准的分类治疗。高度一体化的多学科综合治疗协作组诊疗模式克服了专科治疗的局限,建立以疾病为中心的多学科一体化技术平台将是未来INP治疗的发展方向。     

新型冠状病毒肺炎相关性急性胰腺炎：证据，挑战与思考

由新型冠状病毒（SARS-CoV-2）感染引起的新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）自2019年12月发病以来,现已全球大流行。COVID-19除影响呼吸系统外,还可造成全身多系统、多脏器的损害。目前关于COVID-19累及胰腺的证据十分有限,COVID-19患者中急性胰腺炎（AP）的发病率存在不确定性,其临床特征和发病机制也存在诸多疑问。在全球COVID-19流行仍未得到完全控制的背景下,由于目前对COVID-19与AP之间相互作用知之甚少,我们必须警惕他们之间可能存在的联系。临床上诸多治疗程序需要合理化,应采取有效的防护措施,在科学诊治患者的同时有效避免医护人员SARS-CoV-2感染。     

评价膈肌功能指导慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者撤机的可行性研究

Objective To evaluate the predictive performance of neuro-mechanical coupling (NMC) and neuro-ventilatory coupling (NVC) in the weaning outcome in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Methods Sixteen patients were enrolled when the criteria for their first spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) was met. A 30-minute SBT was attempted, with the measurement of electrical activity of the diaphragm (Edi) , NMC, NVC, NVC ×NMC, index of rapid shallow breathing (f/Vt) , airway occlusion pressure (P0.1) and f/Vt ×P0.1 at 0, 5 and 30 min. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was calculated to evaluate the predictive performance of each index. Results Successful weaning(S group) was observed in 6 patients while weaning failure(F group) in 10 patients. (1)The predictive capacity of Edi: at 30 min of SBT, Edi showed higher values in the F group (P ＜ 0. 05), the area under the ROC curves(AUC) was 0. 817(P ＜0. 05). (2) The predictive capacity of NVC and NMC:at 5, 30 min of SBT, NVC and NMC showed higher values in the S group (P ＜0. 05); at 30 min of SBT NVC presented the largest AUC than any other time of SBT (0. 822, P ＜ 0. 05), while the AUC of NMC was 0. 800 (P ＞ 0. 05). (3) The predictive capacity of NVC × NMC: at 30 min of SBT, the AUC of NVC × NMC was larger than NVC (0. 864, P ＜ 0. 05) , showing greater sensitivity (100. 0%) and specificity (83. 3%) .(4) The predictive capacity of f/Vt and P0.1: f/Vt and f/Vt × P0.1 presented poor predictive performance in the failed patients. Conclusions Edi, NVC and NVC × NMC were good predictor for the weaning outcome in patients with COPD.     

重症急性胰腺炎合并急性心肌梗死1例并文献复习

目的 探讨急性胰腺炎后发生急性心肌梗死（acute myocardial intarction,AMI）的发病机制、危险因素、临床特点和治疗预后,以提高临床对此病的认识。方法 回顾性分析1例南京医科大学第一附属医院胰腺中心收治的重症急性胰腺炎合并AMI病人的临床资料及文献复习,对该并发症的发病机制、危险因素、临床表现、诊断、防治策略以及预后进行分析。结果 该例病人,男性,76岁,因重症急性胰腺炎入院,病人住院期间因胰腺坏死感染行经皮置管引流以及外科手术清创。病人经外科清创后感染明显改善,但在术后5周时出现出现胸闷症状,心电图提示前壁V1-V3导联ST段抬高,并伴有肌钙蛋白T以及肌酸激酶同工酶升高。冠状动脉造影显示左前降支中段明显狭窄,诊断为AMI。对罪犯血管行经皮冠状动脉腔内血管成形术以及药物球囊处理,复查造影未见明显残余狭窄,术后恢复良好。结论 AMI是急性胰腺炎的罕见并发症,临床医师应该提高这一潜在并发症的认识和重视,并探索更有效的预防和治疗策略。     

神经调节辅助通气对急性呼吸窘迫综合征兔呼吸机相关性膈肌功能障碍的影响

Objective To evaluate the effect of neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) on prevention of ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD) in ARDS rabbits.Methods Twenty New Zealand white rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups: ( 1 ) control group ( n = 5 ); ( 2 ) Volume control (VC) group ( n = 5 ); ( 3 ) Pressure support ( PSV ) group ( n = 5 ); (4) NAVA group ( n = 5 ).In VC, PSV and NAVA groups, the rabbits were killed and the diaphragm was removed after 4 hours of ventilation.Animals in the control group were not mechanically ventilated, and the diaphragm was also removed immediately after anesthetizing.In all rabbits, malondialdehyde ( MDA), superoxide disrmutase (SOD) and glutathione(GSH) of diaphragm were measured.Structure of diaphragm was observed by light microscope, electron microscope, constituent ratio and mean cross-sectional area (CSA) of diaphragm fiber.Results (1)MDA: Compared with the control [(0.15 ±0.06)nmol/mg], PSV group[(0.30 ±0.11)nmol/mg], there was no significant difference in MDA of diaphragm in NAVA group [( 0.28 ± 0.19 )nmol/mg] (F = 2.730, P ＞ 0.05).MDA in VC group [(0.40 ±0.16)nmol/mg] was significantly higher than the control group (P＜0.05).(2) SOD: Compared with control [( 111 ± 12) U/mg], PSV group [(93 ± 4) U/mg], there was no significant difference in SOD of diaphragm in NAVA group [( 94 ± 9 )U/mg] (F=4.422,P ＞0.05).SOD in VC group [(80 ±21 )U/mg] was significantly lower than the control group(P ＜0.05).(3)GSH: Compared with control [(5.3 ± 1.0)mg/g] and PSV group [(4.5 ±1.2)mg/g], there was no significant difference in GSH of diaphragm in NAVA group [(5.6 ± 1.0) mg/g](F =3.001 ,P ＞ 0.05 ).GSH in VC group [(3.3 ± 1.7)mg/g] is significantly lower than control and NAVA groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).( 4 ) Light microscope: In VC group, many changes were observed in the muscle, such as myofibrosis, necrosis, and some of muscle fibers became atrophy, but these were no obvious changes of pathological structure in control, PSV or NAVA groups.(5)Electron microscope: In control, PSV and NAVA groups, the ultrastructure of diaphragm was normal Different from the above 3 groups, some abnormal ultrastructure was observed in VC group, including disrupted myofibrils, swollen mitochondria.(6)CSA of diaphragm fiber: Compared with control and PSV group, there was no significant difference in CSA of diaphragm fiber in NAVA group ( P ＞ 0.05 ); The CSA of type Ⅱ fibers in VC group was markedly lower than control group ( P ＜ 0.05 ) .Conclusions Compared with volume control ventilation, NAVA may mitigate diaphragmatic oxidative stress, atrophy and injury, and prevent VIDD better than VC.