淫羊藿（苷）对男性生殖系统的作用和机制

淫羊藿是一种常用的中药材,淫羊藿苷是从淫羊藿中提取的一种黄酮类化合物,也是淫羊藿中最主要的活性物质。研究发现,淫羊藿苷具有促进成骨细胞的生成和活化、调节免疫、抗衰老和抗炎等多种功能。临床上淫羊藿（苷）用于治疗生殖系统、骨关节系统、呼吸系统、神经系统、心血管系统和免疫系统等多种疾病。淫羊藿（苷）对男性生殖系统的作用及机制主要包括具有雄性激素样作用,促进睾内睾酮的合成和分泌。淫羊藿（苷）通过改善精子发生的微环境、增强睾丸抗氧化作用促进精子生成,增加精子密度,改善精子活力,减缓生殖衰退。此外,淫羊藿（苷）可促进阴茎勃起,治疗勃起功能障碍及早泄。     

淫羊藿苷通过抑制NLRP3炎性小体和Caspase-1通路减轻骨关节炎

目的:考察淫羊藿苷在治疗骨关节炎中的潜在价值,以及淫羊藿苷对核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)炎性小体和半胱天冬酶-1(Caspase-1)的调控作用。方法:本研究通过脂多糖(LPS)诱导大鼠膝关节软骨细胞建立体外骨关节炎模型,通过碘乙酸单钠处理SD大鼠建立体内骨关节炎模型。通过乳酸脱氢酶漏出实验检测细胞毒性,通过MTT实验检测细胞活力。通过qRT-PCR检测NLRP3 mRNA的表达,通过Western Blotting检测NLRP3、IL-1β、IL-18、MMP-1、MMP-13、Collagen Ⅱ、Caspase-1、ASC和GSDMD的蛋白表达。用免疫荧光法和免疫组化法检测软骨细胞和大鼠软骨中的NLRP3表达;番红O/固绿染色评价大鼠软骨病变。结果:与LPS组比较,LPS+ICA组LDH的漏出率、IL-1β、IL-18、MMP-1、MMP-13、NLRP3、Caspase-1、ASC和GSDMD的表达水平明显降低,而Collagen Ⅱ明显升高(P<0.05)。与LPS+ICA+pcDNA3.1-NC组比较,LPS+ICA+pcDNA3.1-NLRP3组的乳酸脱氢酶漏出率及NLRP3炎性小体相关蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,OA组大鼠软骨组织中NLRP3阳性细胞数量显著增加,而OA+ICA组的NLRP3阳性细胞数量明显降低(P<0.05)。与OA组比较,OA+ICA组的NRLP3、IL-1β、IL-18、MMP-1、MMP-13、Caspase-1、ASC和GSDMD的蛋白表达水平明显降低,而Collagen的蛋白表达水平明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:淫羊藿苷通过抑制NLRP3和Caspase-1信号转导来抑制脂多糖诱导的软骨细胞损伤和细胞焦亡,从而减轻大鼠骨关节炎。     

Inhibitory effect of icariin on Ti-induced inflammatory osteoclastogenesis

Background

Wear particle-induced periprosthetic osteolysis that results in aseptic loosening is the most common cause of long-term failure after total joint replacement.

Materials and methods

Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid isolated from Epimedium pubescens, inhibits osteoclast formation, but its effects on wear particle-induced inflammatory osteoclastogenesis remains unclear. We investigated the role of ICA in the regulation of osteoclast differentiation in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7), which is stimulated by titanium (Ti) particles and the receptor activator of NF-κB ligand.

Results

ICA effectively inhibited osteoclast formation and bone resorption in the differentiation medium. ICA (10⁻⁷ mol/L) significantly reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells compared with the control, and significantly reduced the percentage of the surface covered by resorption lacunae. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that ICA inhibited messenger RNA expression for the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB, cathepsin K, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive, and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in RAW264.7 cells stimulated by Ti particles and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand. ICA also reduced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression of interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α in RAW264.7 cells cultured with Ti particles. In addition, incubation with cholecystokinin-8 showed that ICA had no toxic effects on RAW264.7 cells.

Conclusions

ICA possibly elicited inhibitory effects on inflammatory osteoclastogenesis induced by Ti particles, indicating that ICA may be useful for the prevention and treatment of wear particle-induced osteolysis.     

淫羊藿苷对小鼠破骨细胞MMP-9、CK mRNA表达的影响

目的观察淫羊藿苷对体外培养小鼠破骨细胞MMP-9、CK mRNA表达的影响。方法用浓度分别为25 ng/ml、30 ng/ml、10-8mol/L的巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(M-CSF)、核因子κB受体活化因子配体(RANKL)、1,25(OH)2VitD3体外诱导培养小鼠骨髓源性破骨细胞,分别加入0 mol/L、10-5mol/L的淫羊藿苷,培养48 h后,抽提总RNA,采用半定量逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)方法检测破骨细胞中基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)、组织蛋白酶K(CK)mRNA表达的变化。结果与空白对照组比较,10-5mol/L的淫羊藿苷可明显下调MMP9mRNA的表达(P0.05),但对CK mRNA的表达无明显影响(P0.05)。结论淫羊藿可以通过下调MMP-9基因表达,从而抑制破骨细胞的分化形成及骨吸收。     

Icariin improves the sexual function of male mice through the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signalling pathway

We aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of icariin on male sexual function. Forty‐eight Crl:CD1(ICR) male mice were randomly divided into control, low‐, medium‐ and high‐dose icariin group (intragastric administration of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/d for 21 days). Mating experiment was then performed at a ratio of 1: 3 (male: female). The mating behaviours of male mice were recorded. The genital indexes and serum testosterone, nitric oxide (NO), hypothalamic dopamine (DA) and 5‐ hydroxy tryptophan (5‐HT) concentrations were measured. The expression of endothelial nitric oxide (eNOS), phosphatidylinositol tallow alcohol 3‐kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase (p‐AKT) in penile tissue was detected by Western blot. All icariin groups exhibited shorter capture latency and ejaculation latency, increased number of capture and ejaculation, higher capture and ejaculation rate, and higher testicular and prostate indexes compared with controls (p < .001). These groups had higher serum testosterone and NO concentrations (p < .001), hypothalamic DA and 5‐HT levels, and eNOS, PI3K and phosphorylated AKT expressions in penile tissue (p < .05). The effect of icariin was dose‐dependently increased. Our study suggests that icariin improves the sexual function of male mice, which might be associated with the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis and the PI3K/AKT/eNOS/NO signalling pathway.     

淫羊藿甙、菟丝子提取物对雄激素部分缺乏大鼠生殖保护作用的比较研究

目的 探讨淫羊藿甙、菟丝子提取物对雄激素部分缺乏大鼠的生殖保护作用.方法 以环磷酰胺造成生殖系统受损、雄激素部分缺乏大鼠模型,灌胃淫羊藿甙和菟丝子提取物7 d后,检测血清睾酮、黄体生成素（LH）、卵泡刺激素（FSH）含量;以HE染色和原位末端标记法（TUNEL）检测,光镜下观察睾丸组织、阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞变化情况.结果 ①血清睾酮水平：淫羊藿甙组明显高于空白组和模型组,但低于睾酮组（P＜0.05）;菟丝子提取物组高于模型组,低于睾酮组（P＜0.05）,但与空白组间无统计学差异.②血清LH、FSH水平各组间均未见明显统计学差异.③阴茎海绵体平滑肌细胞的凋亡率：睾酮组和淫羊藿甙组明显低于模型组（P＜0.05）;菟丝子组与模型组则未见明显统计学差异.结论 淫羊藿甙、菟丝子提取物对雄激素部分缺乏大鼠均具有生殖保护作用,但淫羊藿甙作用效果强于菟丝子提取物.     

淫羊藿苷对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨向分化的影响

目的：探讨淫羊藿苷对人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨向分化的影响,为淫羊藿苷在治疗牙周病方面的应用提供一定依据。方法：体外培养人牙周膜细胞,矿化诱导条件下将第3代细胞与10～0.001mg/L,6个浓度的淫羊藿苷作用,通过噻唑蓝（MTT）比色法、ALP活性测定及BSP表达水平,反应其对人牙周膜细胞增殖及分化的影响。结果：作用24h,各药物浓度均能促进人牙周膜细胞增殖（P〈0.05）。作用48h,1～0.001mg/L组可促进人牙周膜细胞增殖（P〈0.05）。作用72h,0.1～0.001mg/L组可促进人牙周膜细胞增殖（P〈0.05）,10mg/L组抑制人牙周膜增殖（P〈0.05）;作用72h,1～0.001mg/L组可促进人牙周膜碱性磷酸酶（ALP）活性（P〈0.05）;作用72h,0.1～0.001mg/L组的BSP表达水平较对照组显著增加（P〈0.05）。结论：淫羊藿苷在一定浓度范围内可促进人牙周膜细胞增殖及骨向分化。     

淫羊藿苷对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞钙化的抑制作用

目的:研究淫羊藿苷(Icariin)对大鼠血管平滑肌细胞(VSMCs)钙化的抑制作用。方法:组织贴壁法培养大鼠胸主动脉VSMCs,取5-8代细胞分为对照组、钙化模型组和淫羊藿苷干预A、B、C组。对照组用DMEM培养基培养;钙化模型组用含10mmol/Lβ-甘油磷酸盐(β-GP)的DMEM培养基培养;干预A、B、C组均以钙化模型组为基础分别与10-6 mol/L、10-5 mol/L和10-4 mol/L Icariin的DMEM培养基共培养,茜素红-S染色法鉴定各组细胞钙化情况,硝基苯酚法测定各组细胞碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性,RT-PCR检测各组细胞内骨保护素(OPG)和核因子κB(NF-κB)受体活化因子配体(RANKL)的mRNA水平,用Western blotting检测各组细胞OPG和RANKL的蛋白表达。结果:与对照组比较,钙化模型组VSMCs发生细胞钙化,并形成红色结节,ALP活性显著升高(P0.01),OPG、RANKL mRNA和蛋白表达均增加(P0.01);与钙化模型组比较,干预A、B、C组细胞钙化减少,ALP活性减低(P0.01),OPG、RANKL mRNA和蛋白表达均下调(P0.01),尤以干预B组效果最显著。结论:淫羊藿苷可能通过降低ALP活性及OPG、RANKL表达来抑制动脉钙化。     

淫羊藿甙促进成骨细胞增殖与分化的作用及其机制

 目的 探讨淫羊藿甙对骨形态发生蛋白细胞信号通路Smad1、Smad5和Smad4表达的调节作用及促进成骨细胞增殖与分化的机制。方法 在体外分别用含淫羊藿甙0、10^-9、10^-8 和10^-7 mol/L的条件培养液干预MC3T3-E1细胞。给药后第1天、2天和3天,分别应用四甲基噻唑蓝法绘制细胞生长曲线并计算细胞群体倍增时间,用速率分光光度法测定碱性磷酸酶含量,用RT-PCR和Western blot技术检测Smad1、Smad5、Smad4及骨钙素、Runx2、骨形态发生蛋白-2、骨保护素mRNA的表达,于细胞生长的第21天观察钙结节数量。结果 淫羊藿甙含量为10-8 mol/L时,MC3T3-E1细胞增殖能力最强,碱性磷酸酶活性和钙结节数量明显增加;淫羊藿甙作用细胞第1天、2天和3天时,10-8 mol/L组细胞Smad1、Smad5和Smad4 mRNA的表达量始终保持较高水平,第3天时10^-9 mol/L和10^-7 mol/L组表达明显减少;第2天时,10^-8 mol/L组细胞Runx2、骨形态发生蛋白-2、骨保护素mRNA和骨钙素、Smad1、Smad5和Smad4蛋白表达明显增加。结论 淫羊藿甙通过直接刺激 MC3T3-E1细胞的骨形态发生蛋白-2、Runx2、Smad1、Smad5和Smad4的表达,且以表达水平同步增高的方式促进其成骨性分化。     

龟鹿补肾丸的质量控制

目的：建立龟鹿补肾丸的定性鉴别和定量测定方法。方法：采用TLC法对龟鹿补肾丸进行定性鉴别：用HPLC法测定该制荆中淫羊藿苷的含量。结果：薄层色谱法可鉴别出该制剂中的陈皮、黄芪、酸枣仁和淫羊藿。HPLC法含量测定中,淫羊藿苷的浓度在1-30μg·ml^-1范围内呈良好线性,样品的平均加样回收率为99．87％,RSD为2．5％。结论：建立的定性和定量方法均具有专属性好、准确和可靠的特点,可作为该制剂的质量控制方法。