肺康颗粒对肺脾两虚型慢阻肺大鼠气道的保护作用

目的观察肺康颗粒对肺脾两虚型慢性阻塞性肺病(COPD)大鼠气道重塑及D-木糖排泄率的影响。方法取SD大鼠40只,随机分为正常对照组、COPD模型组、肺康颗粒高、低剂量组(生药量13,3.25g·kg-1),每组10只。采用熏香烟、气道内多次滴入脂多糖及灌服番泻叶的方法,建立大鼠COPD肺脾两虚模型。观察大鼠一般情况;光镜下观察各组大鼠肺组织病理形态学变化;测量肺组织小气道管壁厚度;采用对溴苯胺法测定大鼠尿中D-木糖排泄率。结果与模型组相比,肺康颗粒高、低剂量组大鼠体重明显升高(P<0.05);肺泡和细支气管病理形态明显改善;大鼠肺组织小气道管壁厚度明显变薄(P<0.05);大鼠D-木糖排泄率明显增加(P<0.05)。结论肺康颗粒对肺脾两虚型慢阻肺大鼠气道重塑及D-木糖排泄率有一定的改善作用。     

Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK) as a New Target for Antidiabetic Drugs: A Review on Metabolic,Pharmacological and Chemical Considerations

In view of the epidemic nature of type 2 diabetes and the substantial rate of failure of current oral antidiabetic drugs the quest for new therapeutics is intensive. The adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is an important regulatory protein for cellular energy balance and is considered a master switch of glucose and lipid metabolism in various organs, especially in skeletal muscle and liver. In skeletal muscles, AMPK stimulates glucose transport and fatty acid oxidation. In the liver, it augments fatty acid oxidation and decreases glucose output, cholesterol and triglyceride synthesis. These metabolic effects induced by AMPK are associated with lowering blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic individuals. Two classes of oral antihyperglycemic drugs (biguanidines and thiazolidinediones) have been shown to exert some of their therapeutic effects by directly or indirectly activating AMPK. However, side effects and an acquired resistance to these drugs emphasize the need for the development of novel and efficacious AMPK activators. We have recently discovered a new class of hydrophobic D-xylose derivatives that activates AMPK in skeletal muscles in a non insulin-dependent manner. One of these derivatives (2,4;3,5-dibenzylidene-D-xylose-diethyl-dithioacetal) stimulates the rate of hexose transport in skeletal muscle cells by increasing the abundance of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT-4) in the plasma membrane through activation of AMPK. This compound reduces blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and therefore offers a novel strategy of therapeutic intervention strategy in type 2 diabetes. The present review describes various classes of chemically-related compounds that activate AMPK by direct or indirect interactions and discusses their potential for candidate antihyperglycemic drug development.     

Comparison of D-Xylose Hydrogen Breath Test With Urinary D-Xylose Test in Indian Children With Celiac Disease

D-xylose hydrogen breath test (H₂BT) may be better parameter in screening for intestinal malabsorption in patients with celiac disease. This study sought to compare D-xylose H₂BT with urinary D-xylose tests in screening for intestinal malabsorption in patients with celiac disease. A total of 68 children with confirmed celiac disease were enrolled for this study. Five-gram urine D-xylose test and D-xylose H₂BT were performed simultaneously according to standard methods. Institute ethical clearance and informed consent was taken before starting this study. Of 68 children, 41 were boys and 27 girls of age range 5–14 years; 5-g urine D-xylose test was abnormal in 50% of cases and 5-g D-xylose H₂BT in 69.9% of cases. D-xylose H₂BT was able to pick up 19.9% more cases of malabsorption in Indian children with celiac disease. This study indicates that performance of 5-g D-xylose H₂BT is a better test than 5-g urinary D-xylose test in screening for intestinal malabsorption in patients with celiac disease.     

TEST-MEAL IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF MALABSORPTION IN INFANCY

A test-meal containing 2 g of glucose per kg body weight (minimum of 20 g), 0.5 g of D-xylose per kg, 8 ml of standardized cream (12% fat) per kg and 7 500 IU of vitamin A palmitate per kg was administered through a nasogastric tube. During the next 10 hours capillary blood samples were obtained and analysed for glucose, D-xylose, triglycerides, and vitamin A using microanalytical methods. The results in 16 normal infants aged 1 to 20 months are reported. The results for all parameters determined, except D-xylose, were comparable to those previously reported using single tolerance tests. The variability related to age was pronounced for glucose, triglycerides and vitamin A. In patients with malabsorption syndromes (cystic fibrosis, extrahepatic biliary atresia, intrahepatic cholestasis, and gluten-induced enteropathy) the results were also comparable with those earlier observed using single tolerance tests. A combined test-meal has certain advantages over the examinations now used in infants with symptoms suggesting a malabsorption syndrome: a series of tolerance tests is avoided, and it is therefore easier to follow the absorption of fat and carbohydrates during the course of a disease and during a therapeutic regimen.     

针刺健脾不同穴组对脾气虚大鼠血清胃泌素和D-木糖含量的影响

目的：针刺＂足三里、气海＂;＂脾俞、胃俞＂;＂足三里、气海＋脾俞、胃俞＂3组不同健脾穴组对脾气虚大鼠血清胃泌素（GAS）、D-木糖浓度的影响。方法：以大黄法、饮食失节法二因素复制脾气虚证大鼠模型50只,后随机分成模型组和3个实验组,另取大鼠10只为正常对照组,在电针治疗8 d后,进行GAS、D-木糖等指标的比较。结果：3个治疗组大鼠血清GAS含量和D-木糖浓度与造模组相比,均显著提高,有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。联合组效用较单用＂足三里、气海＂穴组相比无明显优势（P〉0.05）,但较单用背俞穴组效用明显（P〈0.05）。单用＂足三里、气海＂穴组与背俞穴组相比无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。空白组与造模组相比,有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,证明造模成功。结论：电针刺激3组健脾不同穴组均能升高大鼠血清GAS、D-木糖浓度,有效改善脾气虚证。但采用＂足三里、气海＂组和两组穴联合应用,要优于单用＂脾俞、胃俞＂组。     

肝郁脾虚证大鼠模型的建立与评价

目的 通过动物行为学、宏观表征、尿D-木糖排泄率确证慢性束缚应激方法 造成大鼠肝郁脾虚证模型.方法 60只大鼠随机等分为3组,对照组、模型组和逍遥散组.通过以下三方面对此模型评价:①对大鼠宏观表征、食量、体重、粪便变化及反映小肠吸收功能的尿D-木糖排泄率检测;②利用Noldus公司的行为学设备(The Observer 5.0分析软件),对大鼠旷场实验进行分析,了解大鼠的焦虑、抑郁程度,验证模型是否成功;③以方测证:逍遥散的调节作用.结果 模型组大鼠由初次束缚时反抗不安,逐步转变为神态倦怠、烦躁、毛发枯黄散乱无光泽、大便稀溏等;模型组大鼠体重增长缓慢;尿D-木糖排泄率逐渐降低;第7天开始穿格数、站立次数、修饰次数均有下降趋势,第21天达到最低点.而逍遥散有显著的治疗调节作用.结论 本实验利用慢性束缚方法 造成大鼠肝郁脾虚证模型,模拟郁怒日久、木郁乘土、肝郁脾虚的病理演变过程,成功复制出大鼠肝郁脾虚证模型.     

荷泽颗粒对脾虚大鼠血清胃泌素、D-木糖浓度、磷酸肌酸激酶的影响

目的观察荷泽颗粒对苦寒泻下、劳倦过度及饮食失节等复合因素所致脾虚模型大鼠血清胃泌素(GAS)、D-木糖浓度、磷酸肌酸激酶(CK)的影响。方法将120只Wistar大鼠分成6组,即正常组,模型组,荷泽颗粒低、中、高剂量组,阳性组(四君子汤)。空白组每日予3 m L蒸馏水灌服,余各组予采用苦寒泻下加劳倦过度加饥饱失常建立大鼠脾虚证模型,造模21 d,造模成功后给以相应的药物治疗,分别于造模完成后0、7、14 d留取血标本,测定各组大鼠血清中GAS含量、D-木糖浓度、CK活性。结果与正常组比较,模型组各项指标明显异常(P<0.05);用药后与模型组比较,各治疗组大鼠血清中GAS含量,D-木糖浓度、CK活性不同程度上升(P<0.05或P<0.01),随用药时间的延长,各用药组上述指标逐步恢复正常,中剂量组与阳性组疗效相当(P>0.05)。结论苦寒泻下+劳倦过度+饥饱失常法建立大鼠脾虚模型,成功率高,达89%。荷泽颗粒可有效改善脾虚大鼠血清中GAS含量,D-木糖浓度、CK活性,具健脾作用。     

胃痛灵对大鼠胃粘膜血流量及脾虚大鼠模型的影响

为深入探讨胃癌灵保护胃粘膜的作用机制，研究了胃痛灵（WTL）对无水乙醇损伤大鼠胃粘膜血流量（GMBF）、脾虚大鼠D-木糖吸收率、胃壁结合粘液量以及胃酸分泌和胃蛋白酶活性的影响。结果显示WTL能够明显增加大鼠GMBF（P＜0．05）、胃壁结合粘液量（P＜0．05），提高脾虚大鼠D-木糖吸收率（P＜0．05），增强胃粘膜防御机能，但对脾虚大鼠胃酸的分泌和胃蛋白酶活性均无明显影响。在体外也无中和胃酸的能力。     

肝硬化门静脉高压对D-木糖吸收率的影响及意义

目的:评价D-木糖吸收率在肝硬化门静脉高压进程中的变化规律,欲探索一种非损伤性且简便实用的推测门静脉压力的方法.方法:SD大鼠80只,♂,体质量180-220 g,随机分为:正常组5只,正常饮水,正常饮食.肝硬化门脉高压诱导组75只,共成模55只,前5wk使用0.03%硫代乙酰胺,后5 wk使用0.04%硫代乙酰胺作为其饮水,停药后6wk仍继续观察肝组织及门静脉压力变化.正常组及第2、4、6、8、10、11、12、13、14、15、16周共12组,对每组大鼠检测D-木糖含量及门静脉压力,并计D-木糖吸收率与相应的门静脉压力的相关性.结果:在肝硬化进程中自第8周纤维间隔明显增生,肝小叶结构紊乱,部分可见假小叶,同时门静脉压力及D-木糖吸收率也是自第8周开始同步出现显著性差异.D-木糖吸收率与门静脉压力呈负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.697,P<0.01),同时得出两者的直线关系方程:y=-0.01x+0.2791.结论:D-木糖吸收率可以反映肝硬化门静脉压力的变化趋势,对于临床上判断门静脉压力的大小、评价治疗效果具有重要意义.     

IgG subclass deficiency in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

In order to get to clues about T-cell independent versus T-cell dependent immune mechanism in ALS, we measured IgG subclasses in 25 ALS-patients: 16 patients had deficiency of T-cell dependent expressed IgG1 or IgG3 or both with essentially normal levels of T-cell independent expressed IgG2 and IgG4. Ten of these patients had no prior treatment and five of these 10 had normal total IgG. Six patients had some immunosuppressive treatment before measurements of subclasses were done and all of them had deficiency of total IgG. Eight of 14 patients who underwent a d-xylose breath test, had evidence of small bowel overgrowth, which was confirmed by cultures of duodenal aspirate. IgG1 and IgG3 are T-cell dependent antibodies against protein antigens with close linkage on chromosome 14. The findings suggest a defect in the IgG subclass expression in ALS.