Assessing Antibiotic Adherence and Improving Antibiotic Stewardship in Common Interventional Radiology Procedures

PurposeIn 2018, The Journal of Vascular and Interventional Radiology (JVIR) updated its guidelines regarding periprocedural antibiotics. However, some institutions are slower to adopt these new guidelines. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria and sepsis are serious concerns due in part to incorrect usage of antibiotics. The purpose of this study is to assess institutional adherence to 2018 JVIR guidelines for the purpose of improving antibiotic stewardship.Materials and methodsA total of 800 cases over a 10-month time period were retrospectively identified and charted following the release of guidelines. Inclusion criteria for the study were adults aged 21 years or older undergoing mediport placement, tunneled central line (TCL) placement, nephrostomy tube exchange, percutaneous biliary drain, or cholecystostomy tube exchange. Exclusion criteria included immunocompromised and pregnant individuals as 2018 guidelines may not fit these patient populations. Guideline adherence for each procedure was recorded as a percentage; the timing of the antibiotic usage was also recorded and compared to the guidelines (within 60 minutes before incision).ResultsIn total, 49 mediport placements, 118 tunneled central line placements – 44 hemodialysis (HD) catheters and 74 nonhemodialysis (non-HD) catheters, 100 nephrostomy exchanges, and 82 biliary tube exchanges were included. Antibiotics were used in 83.6% (41/49) of mediport patients, 11.3% (5/44) of non-HD TCL patients, 20.5% (15/74) of HD TCL patients, 55% (55/100) nephrostomy tube changes, and 65.4% (55/84) of biliary or cholecystostomy tube exchanges. Out of those given prophylaxis, guideline-recommended antibiotics were used in 100% (41/41) of mediport, 100% (20/20) of TCL (both HD and non-HD catheters), 9% (5/55) of nephrostomy tube exchanges, and 1.8% (1/55) of biliary tube exchanges. Guideline-recommended timing was followed in 75.3% across all cases (ranging from 72.2% in mediports to 79.3% in biliary exchanges).ConclusionThis study of antibiotic practices at a single university-based academic institution revealed that antibiotic usage is not fully up to date with 2018 guidelines. For mediports, non-HD TCL placements, and nephrostomy tube exchanges, institutional changes should be made to reduce periprocedural antibiotic use, as antibiotics are no longer recommended for these procedures. For HD TCL and biliary exchanges, proper adherence to recommended prophylactic antibiotics should be followed. In addition, education about the correct antibiotic timing should be emphasized to increase compliance with guidelines.     

Phylogenetic groups and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Escherichia coli strains isolated from clinical samples in North Iran

Background and study aimExtraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (ExPEC) is one of the most common bacterial pathogens, which causes a remarkable amount of morbidity and mortality. This study was designed to determine the antibiotic resistance profiles, phylogenetic groups, and subgroup analyses among the ExPEC strains isolated from hospitalized patients in north Iran.Patients and MethodsThis cross-sectional investigation was conducted at five educational hospitals in Rasht in north Iran. Using standard microbiological tests, 150 E. coli isolates were identified. The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of all isolates was determined using the disk diffusion method. The double disk phenotypic confirmatory test was performed to detect extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing isolates. A triplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed to determine the phylogenetic group of each strain.ResultsThe results of antibiogram pattern showed that E. coli isolates were mostly non-susceptible to ampicillin (79.3%), followed by nalidixic acid (75.3%) and cephalothin (70%), whereas nitrofurantoin (94.7%) was the most effective agent, followed by imipenem (92.7%). The rate of ESBL-producing isolates was 53.3% (80/150). Multiplex PCR screening revealed that the most common phylogroup was the B2 group (97 isolates; 64.6%), followed by the D group (34, 22.7%). In contrast, phylogroup analyses showed that B2₃ (50.7%) and D₂ (16.4%) were the most common subgroups.ConclusionsOur findings indicated a considerable rate of antibiotic resistance and ESBL-producing isolates among E. coli strains isolated from clinical samples. Moreover, we reported a tendency that most isolates belonged to the B2 and D phylogroups. As a result, the detection of genotypic identical or similar isolates indicated that these isolates have an endurance capability in the hospital environment and could be transmitted among patients.     

Photodynamic therapy to control microbial biofilms

Microorganisms thrive in well-organized biofilm ecosystems. Biofilm-associated cells typically show increased resistance to antibiotics and contribute significantly to treatment failure. This has prompted investigations aimed at developing advanced and novel antimicrobial approaches that could effectively overcome the shortcomings associated with conventional antibiotic therapy. Studies are ongoing to develop effective curative strategies ranging from the use of peptides, small molecules, nanoparticles to bacteriophages, sonic waves, and light energy targeting various structural and physiological aspects of biofilms. In photodynamic therapy, a light source of a specific wavelength is used to irradiate non-toxic photosensitizers such as tetrapyrroles, synthetic dyes or, naturally occurring compounds to generate reactive oxygen species that can exert a lethal effect on the microbe especially by disrupting the biofilm. The photosensitizer preferentially binds to and accumulates in the microbial cells without causing any damage to the host tissue. Currently, photodynamic therapy is increasingly being used for the treatment of oral caries and dental plaque, chronic wound infections, infected diabetic foot ulcers, cystic fibrosis, chronic sinusitis, implant device-associated infections, etc. This approach is recognized as safe, as it is non-toxic and minimally invasive, making it a reliable, realistic, and promising therapeutic strategy for reducing the microbial burden and biofilm formation in chronic infections. In this review article, we discuss the current and future potential strategies of utilizing photodynamic therapy to extend our ability to impede and eliminate biofilms in various medical conditions.     

常见抗生素与新型抗菌药物在临床上的研究应用进展

摘要：抗生素的研发与使用有效杀灭和抑制了众多病原菌，挽救了无数人的生命，但由于抗生素的不合理使用，导致细菌耐 药不断出现，耐药菌的感染已严重地威胁人类的生命健康。为此，本文主要对近年来临床上常用的抗生素如β-内酰胺类、喹诺酮 类、氨基糖苷类药物以及新型抗菌药物如抗菌肽和纳米颗粒的应用研究进行总结分析与探讨，为临床上治疗疾病提供一些参考。     

Knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic use within consumers in Alkharj,Saudi Arabia

Background

The World Health Organization (WHO) has made the problem of solving antibiotic resistance one of its priorities. The present study was designed to determine knowledge and attitude towards antibiotic use in Alkharj, Saudi Arabia.

支气管镜灌注术联合抗生素治疗肺癌术后感染的疗效观察

目的探讨支气管镜灌注术(BP)联合抗生素治疗肺癌术后感染的效果及对血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-8(IL-8)、超敏C反应蛋白(hs-CRP)和降钙素原(PCT)水平的影响。方法选取2017年5月至2018年9月间西安市北方医院收治的80例肺癌术后感染患者,采用随机数表法分为观察组和对照组,每组40例。对照组患者采用常规抗感染治疗,观察组患者在常规治疗基础上应用BP联合局部灌注抗生素治疗,比较两组患者临床疗效、呼吸力学指标、血清TNF-α、IL-8、hs-CRP、PCT及不良反应情况。结果观察组患者临床治疗总有效率为92.5%,高于对照组患者的75.0%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者的气道峰压(PIP)、动态顺应性(Cdyn)、呼吸做功(WOB)和气道阻力(Raw)指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者的PIP、WOB和Raw指标均下降,且观察组均低于对照组,两组患者Cdyn指标均上升,且观察组高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。治疗前,两组患者TNF-α、IL-8、hs-CRP和PCT指标比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。治疗后,两组患者TNF-α、IL-8、hs-CRP和PCT指标均下降,且观察组上述指标均低于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。治疗期间,对照组患者出现呛咳1例,低氧血症1例,发绀1例;观察组患者出现低氧血症1例,对症治疗后,两组患者症状均消失。两组患者不良反应情况比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用BP联合抗生素治疗肺癌术后感染患者疗效确切,可有效减轻炎症反应,提升呼吸功能。