异烟肼、利福平治疗肺结核致肝毒性易感基因的研究

目的：探讨N-乙酰基转移酶(NAT2)基因型与异烟肼、利福平治疗肺结核致肝毒性的相关性。方法：通过聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR—RFLP)技术分析67例经利福平、异烟肼治疗后发生或未发生肝功能异常的肺结核患者NAT2基因多态性的部位、性质及发生率。结果：病例组和对照组857位密码子多态性分别是20．3％和7．1％，两组差异显著。结论：NAT2基因型与异烟肼和利福平所致肝毒性关系密切，其中857位密码子点突变可能是结核患者发生肝毒性的易感基因型之一。     

Public health impact of isoniazid-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains with a mutation at amino-acid position 315 of katG: a decade of experience in The Netherlands

A previous limited study demonstrated that Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates with a mutation at amino-acid position 315 of katG (Delta315) exhibited high-level resistance to isoniazid and were more frequently resistant to streptomycin. In the present study, isoniazid-resistant M. tuberculosis isolates from 8,332 patients in The Netherlands (1993-2002) were screened for the Delta315 mutation. Isoniazid resistance was found in 592 (7%) isolates, of which 323 (55%) carried Delta315. IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis showed that Delta315 isolates occurred in clusters, suggesting recent transmission, at the same frequency as isoniazid-susceptible isolates. In contrast, other isoniazid-resistant isolates clustered significantly less frequently. Delta315 isolates were high-level isoniazid-resistant, streptomycin-resistant and multidrug-resistant significantly more often, and may have a greater impact on public health, than other isoniazid-resistant isolates.     

Clearing the clouds: Case‐report and review of the literature

In peritoneal dialysis (PD), a cloudy dialysate is an alarming finding. Bacterial peritonitis is the most common cause, however, atypical infections and non‐infectious causes must be considered. A 46‐year‐old man presented with asthenia, paraesthesia, foamy urine and hypertension. Laboratory testing revealed severe azotaemia, anaemia, hyperkalaemia and nephrotic‐range proteinuria. Haemodialysis was started through a central venous catheter. Later, due to patient preference, a Tenckhoff catheter was inserted. Conversion to PD occurred 3 weeks later, during hospitalization for a presumed central line infection. A month later, the patient was hospitalized for neutropenic fever. He was diagnosed an acute parvovirus infection and was discharged under isoniazid for latent tuberculosis. Four months later, the patient presented with fever and a cloudy effluent. Peritoneal fluid (PF) cytology was suggestive of infectious peritonitis, but the symptoms persisted despite antibiotic therapy. Bacterial and mycological cultures were negative. No neoplastic cells were detected. Mycobacterium tuberculosis eventually grew in PF cultures, despite previous negative molecular tests. Directed therapy was then initiated with excellent response. Thus, facing a cloudy effluent, one must consider multiple aetiologies. Diagnosis of peritoneal tuberculosis is hampered by the lack of highly sensitive and specific exams. Here, diagnosis was only possible due to positive mycobacterial cultures.     

中药抗药源性肝损伤评价模型及作用机制研究进展

肝脏是药物在机体内代谢的主要场所。药源性肝损伤（drug-induced liver injury,DILI）是药物过量或不当使用导致的机体不良反应之一。非甾体类抗炎药、抗菌药等均可能引起DILI。DILI发生机制主要与细胞色素P450酶、线粒体功能障碍、药物代谢反应、氧化应激、炎症反应等密切相关。中药可通过抑制氧化应激、炎症反应、减少细胞凋亡与影响细胞色素P450酶系统等发挥治疗肝损伤作用。通过对DILI发生机制、动物模型建立方法及中药干预机制等方面进行总结归纳,为DILI动物模型的合理选择及中药防治机制研究提供参考。     

异烟肼预防食管良性狭窄的实验与应用研究

探讨异烟肼预防食管良性狭窄的作用。方法分动物实验及临床应用两部分,动物实验采用家犬２０只,分为３组,按Ｄａｖｉｓ动物模型致伤为深Ⅱ度食管腐蚀伤,采用异烟治疗,临床应用系对２６例食管食性狭窄患者采取扩张术后异烟治疗以预防食管再狭窄。结论异烟能够防治食管良性狭窄,在临床工作中有一定的推广价值。     

水飞蓟宾胶囊对异烟肼和利福平肝损害小鼠的保护作用

目的：观察水飞蓟宾胶囊(SC)对异烟肼(INH)与利相干(RFP)合用致肝损伤小鼠的保护作用。方法：测定肝损伤小鼠在给予SC后肝指数、血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)的活性，肝匀浆中谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)的含量，肝微粒体中细胞色素P450含量及其亚型2E1的活性。结果：SC可对抗INH和RFP合用引起的肝指数、血清ALT水平、肝匀浆中的MDS含量及P450、4502E1活性的升高，增加GSH含量；病理学检查SC能明显减轻肝细胞的变性和坏死。结论：SC对INH和RFP肝毒性的保护作用与其稳定肝细胞膜、抑制脂质过氧化反应、清除自由基、抑制药物代谢酶有关。     

应用寡核苷酸探针膜杂交方法快速检测耐异烟肼结核分支杆菌基因型

目的应用寡核苷酸探针膜反向斑点杂交技术快速检测结核分支杆菌对异烟肼(isoniazid,INH)耐药性.方法设计与合成用于检测结核分支杆菌耐INH基因katG、inhA的寡核苷酸探针,点于硝酸纤维素膜上,与结核分支杆菌临床分离株生物素标记的聚合酶链反应(PCR)产物进行反向斑点杂交,并与PCR-单链构象多态性(Polymerase chain reaction-Single stranded conformation polymorphism,PCR-SSCP)和PCR-直接测序(PCR-direct sequencing,PCR-DS)结果比较.结果 20株INH敏感株中,仅9株出现野生型探针K1阳性杂交,余11株中,10株K1b'杂交阳性,PCR-DS显示katG基因315位密码子AGC→ACC,1株K1c'杂交阳性,PCR-DS显示katG基因315位密码子AGC→AAC;15株出现野生型探针inh1阳性杂交,另5株Inha1探针杂交阳性,PCR-DS显示inhA基因-15位C→T突变.36株耐药株中,17株K1探针杂交阳性,18株K1b'杂交阳性,1株与所试探针不杂交,PCR-DS显示katG基因279位密码子GGC→GAC;11株与突变型Inha1探针阳性杂交,25株与野生型探针inh1杂交阳性.katG基因膜杂交突变检出率为 50 %,inhA基因膜杂交突变检出率为 30.56 %.结论寡核苷酸探针膜杂交技术可能成为检测部分结核分支杆菌耐异烟肼基因型简便、快速的方法.     

On the 99mTc‐labeling of isoniazid with different 99mTc cores

Recent advances in the chemistry of radiolabeling with ^99mTc such as use of the ^99mTc tricarbonyl and ^99mTc–HYNIC cores have revived interest in ^99mTc‐labeling of small biomolecules and further investigation as potential radiopharmaceuticals. Isoniazid, a drug commonly used for treatment of tuberculosis, has been chosen for the present study. Three distinct strategies were utilized to radiolabel isoniazid with ^99mTc. In the direct labeling protocol, the hydrazino amide functional group of isoniazid was used for ^99mTc‐labeling in the HYNIC sense using tricine and EDDA as co‐ligands. The other strategies of ^99mTc‐labeling involved the derivatization of isoniazid to its N, N‐diacetic acid derivative, which in turn was either used as a tridentate ligand for labeling with the [^99mTc(CO)₃(H₂O)₃]⁺ synthon or directly labeled by the conventional route wherein ^99mTc is in the +3 oxidation state. The complexes prepared in >95% yields were characterized by paper chromatography, thin layer chromatography and HPLC. Comparison of the three approaches showed that maximum specific activity and stability was obtained in the ^99mTc–isoniazid derivative synthesized via the tricarbonyl method. However, in vitro cell‐binding studies indicated that none of the ^99mTc–isoniazid complexes prepared had any appreciable uptake in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.