UPLC-MS/MS测定人痰液中异烟肼、吡嗪酰胺和左氧氟沙星的浓度

目的建立超高效液相色谱串联质谱法(UPLC-MS/MS)同时检测痰液中3种药物异烟肼(isoniazid,INH)、左氧氟沙星(levofloxacin,LFX)和吡嗪酰胺(pyrazinamide,PZA)浓度的方法,冒在为实现临床个体化用药提供帮助。方法痰液样品离心后经甲醇/乙腈蛋白沉淀法预处理后进样液质联用仪进行分析。实验采用的流动相A为含0.1%甲酸的水溶液,流动相B为含0.1%甲酸的乙腈;流速0.35mL·min^-1;采用ACQUITY UPLAC HSS T31.8μm column(2.1mm×100mm,Waters公司)分离;采用电喷零电离源,采用多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring,MRM)模式对待测物进行正离子扫描检测。此外,本试验盲态收集5例患者的痰液,用该法进行定量分析。结果测得痰液中INH、PZA和LFX分别在48~6000 ng·mL^-1(r=0.9988)、480~60000 ng·mL^-1(r=0.9993)、120~15000 ng·mL^-1(r=0.9995)内表现出良好的线性关系。INH、PZA和LFX 3种药物的日内和日间精密度均低于15%,且3种药物的提取回收率均处于97.21%~107.80%之间。7例受试者体内均检测到药物INH,质量浓度分别为44.74、120.1、301.5、481、595.5、1220及1570 ng·mL^-1;PZA的质量浓度分别为104.2、6273.34和3185 ng·mL^-1;1例受试者检出LFX,质量浓度为199.86 ng·mL^-1。结论本试验建立了痰液中INH、PZA及LFX的检测方法,具有灵敏度高、测定结果准确、快速等诸多优点,可以应用于临床治疗药物的监测。     

Nanodiagnostics for tuberculosis detection

Introduction: Tuberculosis (TB) is a leading killer worldwide. End TB strategy aims at ending the TB epidemic by 2030. Early, accurate, and affordable diagnosis represents a cornerstone to achieve this goal. Innovative strategies for TB diagnostics have been introduced. However, the ideal assay is yet unavailable and conventional methods remain necessary for diagnosis. Unique properties of nanoparticles (NPs) have allowed their utilization in TB detection via targeting disease biomarkers.

Area covered: Until now, around thirty-five TB NP-based assays have been partially or fully characterized. Accuracy, low-cost, and short time-to-result represent the common properties of proposed platforms. TB nanodiagnostics now encompass almost all clinical aspects of the disease including active TB, non-tuberculous mycobacteria, rifampicin resistant TB, TB/HIV co-infection, latent TB, and extra-pulmonary TB. This review summarizes state-of-the-art knowledge of TB nanodiagnostics for the last 10 years. Special consideration is given for fabrication concepts, detection strategies, and clinical performance using various clinical specimens. The potential of TB nanodiagnostics to fulfill the need for ideal MTB testing is assessed.

Expert commentary: TB nanodiagnostics show promise to be ideal detection tools that can meet the rigorous demands to end the TB epidemic by 2030.     

Orthotopic liver transplantation for subacute hepatic failure following partial treatment of isoniazid-resistant tuberculosis

Abstract: The management of patients with pre-existing tuberculosis (TB) undergoing liver transplantation is challenging. Cautious immunosuppression is required to prevent reactivation of disease, and second-line anti-tuberculous treatment may be necessary to prevent graft hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, liver transplantation in the context of isoniazid-resistant TB has seldom been reported. We report on a 44-year-old man with recent isoniazid-resistant extra-pulmonary TB who developed subacute hepatic failure requiring emergency liver transplantation and treatment with second-line anti-tuberculous therapy. We demonstrate that patients who have pre-existing TB can be successfully treated with alternative anti-tuberculous medication while under immunosuppression post transplantation. Pre-existing TB, including resistant strains, should not be an absolute contraindication to liver transplantation.     

Viewpoint: Scientific dogmas, paradoxes and mysteries of latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Worldwide, there are nearly 10 million new cases of active TB and 1.8 million associated deaths every year. WHO estimates that one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), forming a huge latent Mtb global reservoir. This renders the prospect of ever eliminating Mtb from the human race almost impossible. Several controversial issues regarding host-pathogen interactions and existing prevention and eradication strategies for latent Mtb infections need to be critically re-examined. In this viewpoint, widely held assumptions on Mtb latency and isoniazid monotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are challenged. We highlight the need for future research to resolve these issues and to develop evidence-based strategies for better understanding of equilibrium and escape of Mtb in the human body, eventually leading to global recommendations for elimination of the latent Mtb state through informed policy and practice. Until such strategies and policies are realized, WHO and TB experts will have to settle for global TB control rather than eradication.     

乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片(Ⅱ)治疗肺结核致不良反应/事件106例分析

目的:探讨肺结核患者应用乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片(Ⅱ)致不良反应/事件(ADR/ADE)的一般规律及特点,为临床合理用药及安全性评价提供参考。方法:采用回顾性研究方法,对2011年1月-2013年10月间接受乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片(Ⅱ)治疗的386例肺结核患者中发生ADR/ADE的相关情况进行统计和分析。结果:386例患者出现ADR/ADE共106例,发生率为27.46%。ADR/ADE发生时间最多见于用药2周内(92.45);其中,胃肠系统损害构成比为38.71%,皮肤及其附件损害构成比为29.57%,肝胆系统损害构成比为19.35%,居前3位;经停药、调整用法用量或对症治疗后105例(99.06%)好转或痊愈。结论:临床应掌握乙胺吡嗪利福异烟片(Ⅱ)所致ADR/ADE的特点,加强监测,并及时发现和正确处理,从而可提高肺结核患者的用药依从性和治愈率。     

MDR-TB诊断试剂盒鉴定广东结核分枝杆菌复合群及RIF和INH药敏效果分析

目的评价耐多药结核病(MDR-TB)快速诊断试剂盒对广东地区结核分枝杆菌复合群的鉴定效果及利福平(RIF)和异烟肼(INH)的药敏检测效果。方法选取151份痰标本和150份细菌培养物,采用MDR-TB快速诊断试剂盒对其进行菌群鉴定及RIF和INH药敏检测,结果分别与常规法进行比较。结果与常规生化菌种鉴定结果相比,两者鉴定结果一致率为96.7%(291/301);与常规比例法药敏试验结果相比,诊断试剂盒检测单耐RIF的灵敏度为94.1%(64/68),检测单耐INH的灵敏度为87.7%(57/65),检测RIF和INH皆耐药株的灵敏度为79.3%(46/58),检测RIF和INH皆敏感株的特异性为100%。结论该试剂盒能简单快速地鉴定结核分枝杆菌复合群,检测RIF和INF的敏感性高、特异性好,在广东地区应用前景较好。     

异烟肼人体血药浓度测定及药代动力学研究

目的建立测定人血浆中异烟肼质量浓度的反相高效液相色谱法并研究异烟肼的药代动力学。方法采用YWG-C18色谱柱(200mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以0.02 mol/L磷酸二氢钾-甲醇(61∶39)为流动相,检测波长为340 nm,进样量20μL。结果异烟肼的血浆质量浓度在0.2～12.0 mg/L范围内与峰面积线性关系良好(r=0.999 6);日内、日间精密度RSD均小于4.0%;平均回收率为97.67%,RSD=2.31%(n=9)。结论反相高效液相色谱法适用于异烟肼药代动力学研究和临床血药浓度监测。