眼睛蛇毒心脏毒素对大鼠心肌细胞收缩及细胞内钙离子的作用

目的 研究眼睛蛇毒心脏毒素（Cardiotoxin，CTX）对心肌细胞的形态、收缩幅度和细胞内钙离子（[Ca^2＋]i）的作用。方法 应用荧光计量法（以Fura-2／AM为荧光染料）及光学成像系统来测定单个心肌细胞[Ca^2＋]i和收缩幅度。结果 0．001～1μmol／L的CTX使心肌细胞由杆状变成圆形，药物的作用从第1分钟时开始，到第20分钟时趋于稳定。在电刺激存在的情况下，1μmol／L的CTX最初导致电诱导的[Ca^2＋]i和收缩幅度瞬间增加，接下来[Ca^2＋]i时程延长，最终细胞对电刺激不敏感、突然收缩、[Ca^2＋]i持续增高。在缺乏电刺激的情况下，1μmol／L的CTX可诱导Ca^2＋震荡波、持续性[Ca^2＋]i增高，这种作用与40mmol／L的KCl和10mmol／L咖啡因所引起的[Ca^2＋]i瞬间增加不同。结论 CTX作用初期使[Ca^2＋]i增高，使细胞[Ca^2＋]。超载，同时伴随细胞形状的改变。     

眼镜蛇心脏毒素性肺损伤大鼠肺病理与MDA改变的研究

目的 探讨肺损伤时肺组织丙二醛(MDA)变化与肺病理改变的关系。方法 采用大鼠眼镜蛇心脏毒素(CTX)性肺损伤模型观察肺的病理变化,并与支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中MDA组分进行比较。结果 CTX高低剂量致伤后,BALF中MDA含量显著高于对照组(P<0.01),而与油酸组无差异;MDA含量高峰期在CTX 致伤后2 h至3 d;CTX高剂量组加PS治疗组则MDA含量较CTX组明显减轻(P<0.01)。结论CTX可导致急性肺损伤且可使MDA增加,而PS加入可减轻CTX所致肺的病理改变。     

胰岛素样生长因子1受体在肌损伤组织肌卫星细胞的表达

目的:探讨胰岛素样生长因子1受体(Insulin like growth factor 1 receptor,IGF1R)在正常和注射心脏毒素后,致肌损伤的肌肉组织中具有再生能力的肌卫星细胞表达情况;为进一步研究某些肌肉变性疾病的分子学发病机制和治疗方法提供参考依据.方法:取C57雄性小鼠12只,随机分为6组,1～6组...     

Role for Toll-like receptor 3 in muscle regeneration after cardiotoxin injury

Introduction: Sterile tissue injury induces an inflammatory response involving cytokines that have crucial roles in the tissue repair that follows. Methods: MyH3 and type 1 interferon (IFN) were assessed by qPCR after cardiotoxin (CTX)‐induced muscle injury. Results: CTX‐induced injury increased expression of IFN‐regulated genes, IFIT1 and MX‐2, which was blocked in type 1 IFN receptor (IFNR)‐deficient mice. However, IFNR‐deficient mice showed no significant differences in muscle regeneration as assessed by MyH3 expression. MyH3 was significantly reduced in TLR3‐deficient but not MyD88‐deficient mice. TLR3‐deficient mice also showed altered expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐6, IL‐1β, and TNF‐α. Conclusions: CTX‐induced muscle injury increased markers of innate immune activation, but blocking type 1 IFN signaling had no effect on muscle regeneration. Taken together, these results suggest a role for TLR3, and perhaps other innate immune signals, in the inflammatory response to CTX‐induced muscle injury and consequent muscle regeneration. Muscle Nerve, 2011     

Pharmacological inhibition of myostatin/TGF-β receptor/pSmad3 signaling rescues muscle regenerative responses in mouse model of type 1 diabetes

Aim:

To study the influence of acute experimental diabetes on the regenerative potential of muscle stem (satellite) cells in mice.

Methods:

Male C57BL/6 young mice were injected with a single dose of streptozotocin (STZ, 180 mg/kg, ip) to induce diabetes. The diabetic mice were treated with insulin (0.75 U/kg, ip), follistatin (12 μg/kg, im) or Alk5 inhibitor (5 μmol/L per kg, sc) once a day. On the first day when high glucose levels were found, cardiotoxin (CTX) was focally injected into tibialis anterior and gastronemius muscles of the mice. The muscles were harvested 3 d and 5 d after CTX injection, and myofibers and satellite cells were isolated. Quantitative ex-vivo and in-vivo assays of myogenic potential were used to evaluate the muscle regenerative responses.

Results:

The satellite cells from the diabetic mice 3 d after CTX injection fail to activate, and the repair of muscle deteriorates, resembling that observed in old control mice. Furthermore, the satellite cells have excessive levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3 and the cell cycle inhibitor p15, while the level of TGF-β1 remain unchanged. Treatment of the diabetic mice with insulin rescued muscle regenerative responses, and restored the expression levels of myostatin, TGF-β receptor 1, pSmad3, and p15 to those similar of healthy controls. Treatment of the diabetic mice with the myostatin antagonist follistatin, or with the Alk5 inhibitor of TGF-β receptor 1 (which did not diminish the blood glucose levels) rescued muscle regenerative responses and attenuated the myostatin/TGFβ receptor/pSmad3 signaling.

Conclusion:

The muscle regenerative responses are incapacitated and repair of the tissue fails within hours after the initiation of hyperglycemia in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes, but stem cell function is rescued by insulin, as well as follistatin or an Alk5 inhibitor that blocks TGF-β receptor signaling.     

CTX性肺损伤大鼠肺泡表面张力与肺无机磷、蛋白质含量变化的研究

急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)是急性肺损伤的严重阶段,其肺泡表面活性物质(PS)功能的异常是肺损伤过程的主要内在内素,眼镜蛇心脏毒素(CTX)对动物肺泡表面影响目前未见研究报道.     

Cardiotoxin III induces apoptosis in T24 cells via reactive oxygen species‐independent mitochondrial death pathway

Cardiotoxin III (CTX III), a basic polypeptide with 60 amino acid residues isolated from Naja naja atra venom, has been reported to have anticancer activity. CTX III inhibited the growth of T24 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner with an IC₅₀value of 1.7 µg/mL and displayed several features of apoptosis including apoptotic body formation, increase of sub G₁ population, DNA fragmentation, and poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. Using apoptosis analysis, measurement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and assessment of mitochondrial membrane potentials (ΔΨm), CTX III was found to be a potent inducer of apoptosis, transducing apoptotic signals via a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytosol. However, CTX III did not generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). Taken together, the present data indicate that CTX III induces apoptosis in T24 cells through an ROS‐independent mitochondrial dysfunction pathway and resultant cytochrome c release. This is the first report on the mechanism of the anticancer effect of CTX III on T24 cells. Drug Dev. Res. 63:219–224, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

钙流拮抗药对眼镜蛇心脏毒升高大鼠心肌胞浆Ca~（2＋）作用的影响

Ｆｕｒａ－２荧光测定实验显示，眼镜蛇心脏毒（ＣＴＸ）能明显升高新鲜分离的大鼠心肌细胞的胞浆Ｃａ２＋浓度。维拉帕米在完全阻断高Ｋ＋引起胞浆Ｃａ２＋升高的浓度下（１μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１）．能明显抑制ＣＴＸ作用，但不能阻断之。１．５μｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＣＴＸ使离体大鼠Ｌａｎｇｅｎｄｏｒｆｆ心脏收缩幅度逐渐减少，最后心脏停搏于收缩期。维拉帕米及硝苯吡啶均能明显延长心脏的搏动时间，但不能阻止ＣＴＸ引起的心脏停搏。结果提示，ＣＴＸ引起膜去极化使电位依赖性Ｃａ２＋通道开放不是ＣＴＸ触发Ｃａ２＋内流的唯一机理。     

Molecular moulds with multiple missions: functional sites in three-finger toxins

1. Snake venoms are complex mixtures of pharmacologically active peptides and proteins. 2. These protein toxins belong to a small number of superfamilies of proteins. The present review describes structure-function relationships of three-finger toxins. 3. All toxins share a common structure of three beta-stranded loops extending from a central core. However, they bind to different receptors/acceptors and exhibit a wide variety of biological effects. 4. Thus, the structure-function relationships of this group of toxins are complicated and challenging. 5. Studies have shown that the functional sites in these "sibling" toxins are located on various segments of the molecular surface.