知母饮片炮制前后黄酮类和皂苷类成分变化研究

目的:测定知母饮片炮制前后3个黄酮类和2个皂苷类成分变化。方法:采用高效液相色谱-紫外检测法(HPLC-UV)测定3个黄酮类成分,色谱柱为岛津Intetsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱,进样量20μL,流速1.0 mL/min,柱温30℃;采用高效液相色谱-蒸发光散射检测法(HPLC-ELSD)测定2个皂苷类成分,色谱柱为岛津Intetsil ODS-3(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm),流动相为乙腈-0.2%冰醋酸,梯度洗脱,进样量10μL,流速1.0 mL/min,氮气流量2.5 mL/min,蒸发温度80℃。结果:知母饮片炮制后知母皂苷BⅡ、新芒果苷、芒果苷含量下降,知母皂苷AⅢ含量上升,异芒果苷含量相对稳定。结论:知母饮片炮制后部分知母皂苷BⅡ会转化成知母皂苷AⅢ,新芒果苷、芒果苷会转化成其他成分,异芒果苷结构相对稳定,不易转化成其他成分。     

知母皂苷A Ⅲ对人脐静脉内皮细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

目的:研究知母皂苷AⅢ对人脐静脉内皮细胞(HUVECs)增殖和凋亡的影响。方法:体外培养HUVECs,分别以浓度为0、1、2、4、8μmol/L的知母皂苷AⅢ作用24、48、72 h,通过MTT比色法检测细胞生长程度;倒置显微镜观察细胞形态。流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡情况。结果:8μmol/L知母皂苷AⅢ作用24、48、72 h可明显抑制HUVECs增殖,IC50分别为7.2、4.0、2.0μmol/L;随着知母皂苷AⅢ作用时间的延长和浓度的增加,HUVECs数目逐渐减少,细胞开始出现空泡、固缩现象;8μmol/L知母皂苷AⅢ作用于HUVECs,细胞凋亡率为(4.03±0.41)%。结论:知母皂苷AⅢ可明显抑制HUVECs的生长,并诱导部分细胞发生凋亡。     

不同部位和不同产地加工方法的知母质量评价研究

目的 采用UPLC-QQQ-MS/MS法同时测定不同部位和不同产地加工方法知母Anemarrhenae Rhizoma中9个成分的含量,并比较其差异。方法 采用Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C₁₈色谱柱（100 mm×2.1 mm,1.7μm）,流动相为0.01%甲酸溶液（A）-乙腈（B）,梯度洗脱,体积流量0.4 mL/min,进样量2μL,柱温30℃;质谱采用电喷雾离子源、负离子模式（ESI^-）,多反应监测（multiple reaction monitoring,MRM）。结果 知母中新芒果苷、芒果苷、异芒果苷、知母皂苷AII、知母皂苷AIII、知母皂苷BII、知母皂苷BIII、知母皂苷E₁、知母皂苷I 9个成分在各自范围内呈良好的线性关系,加样回收率97.23%~100.76%。知母的5个不同部位中知母须根中芒果苷、异芒果苷的含量最高;知母肉中知母皂苷E₁、知母皂苷BII、知母皂苷I含量最高;知母头与知母片、知母肉成分差异较小。比较知母的不同产地加工方法,趁鲜切片新芒果苷和知母皂苷BII的含量较高,润切片芒果苷和知母皂苷AIII的含量较高。结论 知母须根具有一定的开发利用价值,知母肉具有其存在的合理性;知母产地加工,可不切去知母头,以减少工序,提高知母根茎的综合利用率;趁鲜切片可加速干燥,降低饮片霉变风险。     

知母常用炮制工艺的比较研究

目的比较知母不同炮制工艺有效成分的含量,确定最佳的炮制工艺。方法采用HPLC-DAD法测定不同产地知母中新芒果苷和芒果苷的含量,HPLC-ELSD法测定知母皂苷BⅡ的含量,并比较不同炮制品有效成分的含量。结果知母经炮制后,新芒果和知母皂苷BⅡ的含量有不同程度的降低,而芒果苷的含量有一定程度的增加,总体而言,三种成分含量的大小顺序为:知母片>微波炮制品>酒炙知母>盐炙知母>麸炒知母>清炒知母。结论知母微波炮制法具一定的科学性,可作为知母新的炮制工艺。     

知母皂苷AⅢ调控miR-494对原发性皮肤黑色素瘤生物学行为的影响

目的:探讨知母皂苷AⅢ调控miR-494对原发性皮肤黑色素瘤增殖、迁移和侵袭的影响。方法:体外培养人黑色素瘤A375细胞,分别用0、4、8、16 μmol/L的知母皂苷AⅢ处理A375细胞24 h。将miR-NC、miR-494转染至A375细胞,作为miR-NC、miR-494组; 将anti-miR-NC、anti-miR-494转染至A375细胞,再用知母皂苷AⅢ(16 μmol/L)干预,作为anti-miR-NC+16 μmol/L组、anti-miR-494+16 μmol/L组。细胞计数试剂盒-8(CCK-8)检测细胞增殖情况; 蛋白质印迹(Western blot)法检测细胞Cyclin D1、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达; Transwell实验检测细胞迁移和侵袭情况; 实时荧光定量 PCR(RT-qPCR)检测细胞miR-494表达水平。结果:与对照组比较,8、16 μmol/L中、高剂量组的知母皂苷AⅢ明显下调组细胞A值、迁移数量和侵袭数量以及Cyclin D1、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达(P<0.05)。与对照组比较,8 μmol/L中剂量组、16 μmol/L高剂量组的知母皂苷AⅢ明显上调细胞miR-494表达水平(P<0.05)。与miR-NC组比较,miR-494组细胞A值、迁移数量和侵袭数量以及Cyclin D1、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达明显降低(P<0.05)。与anti-miR-NC+16 μmol/L组比较,anti-miR-494+16 μmol/L组细胞miR-494表达水平显著降低; 细胞A值、迁移数量和侵袭数量以及Cyclin D1、MMP-2、MMP-9蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.05)。结论:知母皂苷AⅢ上调miR-494抑制原发性皮肤黑色素瘤增殖、迁移和侵袭。     

The genus Anemarrhena Bunge: A review on ethnopharmacology,phytochemistry and pharmacology

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Anemarrhena asphodeloides Bunge. (Asparagaceae) yields Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, which has a long history to be used as a traditional medicine to treat various ailments, like cold-induced febrile disease with arthralgia, hematochezia, tidal fever and night sweats by Yin deficiency, bone-steaming, cough, and hemoptysis. It is also used as an ingredient of healthy food, wine, tea, biological toothpaste. Its importance is demonstrated by large scale to treat kinds of diseases in eastern Asian countries. The aim of this review is to provide up-to-date information about phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology of Anemarrhena asphodeloides based on scientific literatures. It will build up a new foundation for further study on mechanism and development of better therapeutic agent and healthy product from Anemarrhena asphodeloides.

Material and methods

All the available information on Anemarrhena asphodeloides was collected via electronic search (using PubMed, SciFinder Scholar, CNKI, TPL (www.theplantlist.org), Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, and Web of Science).

Results

Comprehensive analysis of the literatures searched through sources available above confirmed that the ethnomedical uses of Anemarrhena asphodeloides had been recorded in China, Japan, and Korea for thousands of years. The phytochemical investigation revealed the presence of steroidal saponins, flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, steroids, organic acids, anthraquinones, and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds from Anemarrhena asphodeloides exhibited significant pharmacological effects on the nervous system and the blood system. They also showed valuable bioactivities, such as antitumor, anti-oxidation, anti-microbial, anti-virus, anti-inflammation, anti-osteoporosis, anti-skin aging and damage as well as other activities.

Conclusions

In light of long traditional use and modern phytochemical and pharmacological studies summarized, Anemarrhena asphodeloides has demonstrated a strong potential for therapeutic and health-maintaining purposes. Both the extracts and chemical components isolated from the plant showed a wide range of biological activities. Thus more pharmacological mechanisms on main active compounds (TBII, TAIII, mangiferin and other ingredients) are necessary to be explored. In addition, as a good source of the traditional medicine, clinical studies of main therapeutic aspects (e.g. diabetes, Alzheimer?s disease, Parkinson?s disease, etc.), toxicity and adverse effect of Anemarrhena asphodeloides will also undoubtedly be the focus of future investigation.     

Timosaponin B-II improves memory and learning dysfunction induced by cerebral ischemia in rats

Sapogenins from Anemarrhenae asphodeloides was reported to improve the learning and memory abilities. In this study, we investigated the effect of Timosaponin B-II(TB-II), a purified extract from A. asphodeloidesb on rat vascular dementia (VD) produced by transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery occlusion. The learning and memory abilities of rats were measured by water maze task and passive avoidance task. Daily oral administration of TB-II at two different dose levels of 100 and 200 mg/kg resulted in a significant improvement of the deficit in the learning of the water maze task, beginning 14 days after ischemia. Shortened mean escape latency was detected in TB-II group compared with model group during the same trial days. TB-II treatment also significantly reversed the ischemia-induced retention deficit determined by a one trial step-down type of passive avoidance task. Meanwhile, the expression of interleukin-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, and its receptor were significantly increased in TB-II treated VD rats. The results presented the first evidence of a neuroprotective effect of TB-II in the model of vascular dementia. We suggest that the anti-dementia effect by TB-II is derived at least in part from its anti-inflammatory properties.     

HPLC-MS/MS法测定大鼠血浆中的知母皂苷B-Ⅱ

目的建立快速、灵敏和准确的大鼠血浆中知母皂苷B-Ⅱ液质联用(HPLC-MS/MS)定量分析方法。方法大鼠血浆样品用乙腈沉淀蛋白,上清液经Alltima HP C18柱(2.1mm×50mm,5μm)分离,采用负离子检测多反应监测模式(MRM)、电喷雾离子化(ESI)对知母皂苷B-Ⅱ进行定量分析,内标为ParisaponinⅠ(重楼皂苷Ⅰ)。检测离子对为知母皂苷B-Ⅱ离子对(m/z919.4→757.4)与"重楼皂苷Ⅰ"离子对(m/z1033.5→901.4)。结果方法的线性范围为5～2000μg·L-1,最低定量下限5μg·L-1。日内精密度<10.9%,日间精密度<6.6%,准确度为-8.6%～7.5%;每样品分析时间为3min。结论该法准确、灵敏、特异,适用于血浆中知母皂苷B-Ⅱ的测定。     

Hydrolysis of timosaponin BII by the crude enzyme from Aspergillus niger AS 3.0739

Timosaponin BII (1), a steroidal saponin showing potential anti-dementia activity, was regioselectively hydrolyzed into its deglycosyl derivatives by the crude enzyme from Aspergillus niger AS 3.0739. Three biotransformation products, timosaponin BII-a (2), timosaponin BII-b (3), and timosaponin BII-c (4), were purified and their structures were elucidated on the basis of 1D NMR, 2D NMR, FAB-MS, and HR-ESI-MS spectral data. Compounds 2 and 3 are new compounds.     

三生合欢饮减压提取工艺研究

目的 探索减压提取在中药复方三生合欢饮制备中的应用优势.方法 首先以辛弗林、厚朴酚等为评价指标,获得三生合欢饮减压提取法的工艺参数,然后比较了减压与常压水提取的有效成分提取率、浸出物得率、挥发性成分、浸膏粉粉体性质,以及枳实和厚朴提取前后的微观结构.结果 减压提取的优化工艺为真空度0.08 MPa(温度60℃),料液比为1∶10,提取2次,每次30 min;与常压相比,减压提取辛弗林提取率提高了约13％,厚朴酚提取率提高了约10％,知母皂苷BII提取率与常压提取相当;干膏收率降低了约33％.挥发性成分比较表明,减压提取所得挥发成分基本与常压提取相同,但其量比常压提取低.浸膏粉与常压水提醇沉粉体的流动性、吸湿性相似.厚朴、枳实的扫描电镜图表明,减压提取未使细胞壁破裂,细胞呈现排列紊乱、皱缩,但完整性比常压提取好.结论 三生合欢饮采用减压提取从能耗、提取效果、对后续制剂的便利上看均优于传统的常压提取方法,可以推广到中药复方制剂的提取工艺中.