Mammaplasty: Shape,volume, and scar size

Recently many mammaplasty techniques have been presented with special attention paid to the resulting scar's size and its position. The surgeon should try to hid the scar, and if the inverted T incision is used, its horizontal branch should be as short as possible and kept in the breast area. Neverthelss, excessive concern about the final scar size should not interfere with the final results of the mammaplasty as far as shape, volume and lasting results are concerned. The author presents his experience in mammaplasty with respect to the volume, the shape, and the scar size interrelationships.     

MRI对隆乳手术术后患者的诊断价值

目的:探讨隆乳术后并发症MRI影像学特征及不同影像技术的诊断价值.方法:对32例63只隆乳术后出现症状的乳房行1.5T MRI平扫、3D FSE脂肪抑制水成像及VIBRANT动态增强扫描.结果:本组28例55只乳房行注射式水凝胶隆乳术,47只假体外漏,双乳不对称4例,1例2只为感染,1例1只为假体内出血,3例3只为腺体病变.1例行双侧乳房内自体脂肪注射术,乳房下部可见较多脂肪团块.3例行双侧乳房硅胶假体植入术,1例1只盐水假体变形,1例1只硅凝胶假体外漏.上述影像学表现均与取出术中结果相符.结论:MRI对诊断隆乳术后外漏并发症有着重要的价值,VIBRANT序列有助于诊断感染及腺体病变,3D FSE脂肪抑制水成像序列对水凝胶和硅胶盐水假体的整体显示有显著的优势.     

中国妇女乳房乳晕乳头比例的测定及相关因素分析

目的为塑造自然、匀称而具有美感的乳房提供参考和依据。方法对45例22~45岁、对自己乳房满意且无乳房手术史的女性志愿者,分别测量体重、身高、乳头直径、乳晕直径、胸乳线(乳头至胸骨切迹连线距离)、乳房内侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞内侧止点连线距离)、乳房外侧半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞外侧止点连线距离)、乳房下半径(乳头至乳房下皱襞最低点连线距离)。以乳房外侧半径长度作为乳房大小参考指标,由此计算和确定乳房、乳晕、乳头之间的比例,并对可能影响其变化的年龄、体重、身高等因素进行研究分析。结果该组样本显示中国妇女乳房与乳晕之比约为3.7∶1.0,乳晕乳头之比约为3.4∶1.0。体重、体重指数与乳房大小、乳晕乳头比例之间呈正相关,具有显著的统计学意义;而年龄、身高的影响在该样本中并未显现。结论乳房与乳晕、乳头间具有一定的合适比例,体重和肥胖可能是影响该比例关系的因素。乳房、乳晕、乳头比例的确定对东方妇女的乳房整形和再造具有美学价值,可被用于手术中对乳房大小的理想化设计和预测。     

Cost-utility analysis of four common surgical treatment pathways for breast cancer

BackgroundThe aim was to evaluate the cost-utility of four common surgical treatment pathways for breast cancer: mastectomy, breast-conserving therapy (BCT), implant breast reconstruction (BR) and autologous-BR.MethodsPatient-level healthcare consumption data and results of a large quality of life (QoL) study from five Dutch hospitals were combined. The cost-effectiveness was assessed in terms of incremental costs and quality adjusted life years (QALYs) over a 10-year follow-up period. Costs were assessed from a healthcare provider perspective.ResultsBCT resulted in comparable QoL with lower costs compared to implant-BR and autologous-BR and showed better QoL with higher costs than mastectomy (€17,246/QALY). QoL outcomes and costs of especially autologous-BR were affected by the relatively high occurrence of complications. If reconstruction following mastectomy was performed, implant-BR was more cost-effective than autologous-BR.ConclusionThe occurrence of complications had a substantial effect on costs and QoL outcomes of different surgical pathways for breast cancer. When this was taken into account, BCT was most the cost-effective treatment. Even with higher costs and a higher risk of complications, implant-BR and autologous-BR remained cost-effective over mastectomy. This pleas for adapting surgical pathways to individual patient preferences in the trade-off between the risks of complications and expected outcomes.     

Experiencias de mujeres jóvenes colombianas mastectomizadas: un estudio etnográfico

ObjectiveTo explore the experiences of a group of young women in relation to the reconstruction of their breasts after mastectomy.MethodFocused ethnography, performed in the League against Cancer- Huila Section (Colombia). Through casual sampling oriented by criteria, semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight young women (diagnosed at 45 years or earlier) with breast cancer (reconstructed or not reconstructed after mastectomy) until saturation of discourse. Data collection was carried out between August-November 2017, after the endorsement of the Ethics Committee and the consent of the participants. Data was analysed using the thematic analysis technique after being anonymised.ResultsThree issues emerged in the women's discourses: The social stigma of being a young woman with breast cancer; learning to live with a body transformed by disease and treatment, and surviving, which is the most important thing.ConclusionsBeing a young woman, and suffering from breast cancer implies a diversity of changes that permanently alter the lives of women and their bodies. Women prioritise survival in order to take care of others over breast reconstruction. At a healthcare level, the cultural and gender perspective must be incorporated to design individualised nursing interventions that contribute to better care.     

组织扩张结合假体乳房重建的技术改进

目的:探讨组织扩张-假体乳房重建中扩张器埋置、组织扩张、假体置换过程中技术细节的改进对于乳房重建效果的影响。方法:回顾分析2014年4月至2018年9月在北京大学第三医院行乳腺癌切除术后,接受即刻或延期扩张器-假体结合自体脂肪移植的68例乳房重建患者的相关信息,总结切口选择、扩张器埋置位置、扩张理念、包膜处理、假体选择方法及辅助重建技术的改进情况,并利用三维体表成像技术对重建效果进行客观评估。结果:即刻乳房重建者25例,延期重建者43例,组织扩张的中位周期为7.0(3.0, 20.0)个月,平均扩张注水量(372.8±87.2) mL,置换假体的中位体积为215(100, 395) mL,自体脂肪移植的中位次数为1(1, 3)次,平均脂肪移植的注射总量为(119.3±34.1) mL,术后随访的中位周期为7.0(4.0, 24.0)个月,2例患者出现的并发症均为扩张器渗漏,其中1例因继发感染行扩张器置换。即刻重建患者的术后双侧乳房体积比术前获得了更好的对称性(t=4.465,P<0.01),延期重建患者的术后双侧乳房体积比术前也获得了良好的对称性(t=0.867,P>0.1)。结论:通过横向切口的选择、扩张器埋置点的下移、胸壁软组织的快速扩张、包膜的张力释放、假体选择过程中试模(sizer)的应用并辅以自体脂肪注射移植,可以使组织扩张后的假体乳房重建达到良好的临床效果。     

内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术在多种乳房畸形中的应用

目的探讨内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术对乳房肥大及乳房假体、聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后的乳房畸形进行修复的疗效。方法对36例乳房肥大及乳房假体、聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶取出后乳房畸形的患者,行携带或不携带Wfiringer乳房水平中隔内上方真皮腺体蒂乳房成形术修复。结果36例患者,术后胸骨上凹至乳头距离为（20．10±1．94）cm,平均上提乳头7．5cm（4～13cm）,并且均未出现血肿及乳头、乳晕复合体坏死等并发症。2例发生小段切口裂开（发生率为5．56％）,其余均为I期愈合。28例获随访6～18个月,乳头、乳晕感觉良好,切口瘢痕不明显,乳房外形满意。结论应用内上方真皮腺体蒂术式可使乳房得到良好的塑形,同时又能充分保留乳头、乳晕复合体的血运及感觉功能,疗效满意。     

乳腺癌乳房再造手术患者决策辅助方案的构建及应用

目的 探讨决策辅助方案在拟行乳腺癌全乳切除术联合乳房再造术患者中的应用效果。方法 通过参考国内外文献、召开专家会议及研究小组讨论,构建乳腺癌乳房再造手术患者决策辅助方案（以下简称患者决策辅助方案）。选取2017年10月—12月住院行手术治疗的乳腺癌患者为对照组（42例）,2018年1月—3月住院行手术治疗的乳腺癌患者为试验组（39例）。试验组在常规健康教育的基础上实施决策辅助方案,对照组给予常规健康教育。两组患者入院日、手术前1 d,分别使用患者决策困境量表、决策准备量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表进行评估;术后1个月、6个月和12个月,分别使用患者决策后悔量表、医院焦虑抑郁量表进行评估。结果 试验组术前1 d的决策准备得分显著高于对照组（P<0.05）,决策困境得分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;术前1 d试验组焦虑抑郁得分与对照组差异无统计学意义（P>0.05）;术后12个月试验组焦虑抑郁得分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）;术后随访期间,试验组在术后1个月、6个月和12个月的决策后悔得分均显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。结论 本研究制订的患者决策辅助方案,可提高患者术前决策准备度,降低患者决策困境水平,改善患者远期的焦虑抑郁情绪,降低患者远期的决策后悔度。