中华按蚊消长动态观察

武进县连续14年中华按蚊消长调查得到:其密度每年以11.47％的速度递减;在总蚊中的构成比每年以8.09％的速度递减;消长曲线与旬平均温度呈直线正相关,r=0.8087(P<0.05),其回归方程为y=19.8549+2.9497x;畜棚内密度显著高于住房,t’=4.4021(p<0.001)     

Some challenges in progressive control of livestock originated zoonotic diseases in Pakistan–a pilot survey

ObjectiveTo document the recent livestock related practices and possible unhygienic ways of pathogen entry. Identification of the potential risk factors for the spread of infection is important to design an evidence-based disease control programme.MethodsRapid assessment method was adopted and a purposive sample of 60 dairy farmers were interviewed. The following factors were noted for contributing in primary and secondary transmission of zoonotic infections: (i) persons who come in close contact with animals and their secretions, (ii) management strategies of farm animals (sheds and environment), (iii) management practices adopted at farms, (iv) small scale farmers and rural livestock production systems, (v) milk collection systems.ResultsThis research unveiled the certain routes of zoonotic disease transmission. Certain management practices, precautionary measures and strategies were the pivotal risk factors.ConclusionsThe study emphasizes the need to educate the poor livestock keepers.     

First overview of the Culicoides Latreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) livestock associated species of Reunion Island,Indian Ocean

This study establishes the first faunistic inventory of livestock associated Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean), where bluetongue and epizootic hemorrhagic disease are regularly recorded. Single night-catches were performed at 41 sites using light suction traps at altitudes ranging from 0 to 1525 m, from March to April 2005. Five species were recorded: Culicoides imicola, Culicoides bolitinos, Culicoides enderleini, Culicoides grahamii, and Culicoides kibatiensis, among which at least the first three species are known to be involved in virus transmission to ruminants and equids. This is the first record of C. bolitinos, C. kibatiensis, and C. enderleini on the island. C. imicola was the most abundant species along the sea coast. C. bolitinos was more abundant inland and on two sites on the east coast. C. kibatiensis and C. grahamii were less abundant than the other three species and limited to two foci.     

淮南地区禽畜体内寄生人兽共患吸虫的种类

目的 目的 了解安徽省淮南地区禽畜体内寄生人兽共患吸虫的种类, 为防治人兽共患吸虫病提供参考依据。方法 方法 从淮南市禽畜市场选购人兽共患吸虫的终宿主, 处死后取出内脏并解剖, 获取虫体, 制片鉴定, 同时检索整理有关淮南地 区禽畜体内寄生吸虫的文献。结果 结果 经分类、 鉴定和整理, 淮南地区禽畜体内寄生吸虫迄今共发现41种, 其中人兽共患吸 虫23种, 仅在禽畜体内寄生吸虫18种, 分属4目12科21属, 分别寄生于鸡、 鸭、 鹅、 猪、 黄牛、 水牛、 绵羊、 山羊和犬等9种终 宿主。结论 结论 淮南地区禽畜体内寄生人兽共患吸虫的种类较多, 引起人群人兽共患吸虫病传播与流行的危险较高, 应引 起高度重视。     

血吸虫病家畜传染源控制对感染性钉螺的效果观察

目的研究湖沼型血吸虫病流行区控制家畜传染源对垸外感染性钉螺的控制效果,为制定防治策略及干预措施提供参考。方法在湖南、湖北省3个典型的湖沼型地区选取15个乡镇21个血吸虫病流行村,调查家畜传染源控制前后垸外钉螺感染状况及其控制效果,应用logistic步回归法分析钉螺阳性率与相关影响因素的关系。结果2009-2011年累计调查564户家畜4077头次、垸外钉螺面积10624．51hm2有螺洲滩野粪污染14处130．73hm2,结果显示,钉螺阳性率与家畜感染率（r=0．832,P〈0．01）及野粪阳性率（r=0．903,P〈0．01）有高度相关关系。采取家畜传染源控制措施后,家畜、钉螺和野粪感染（阳性）率分别下降了74．90％、92．42％和84．51％。结论结合当地经济发展,因地制宜地采取以家畜传染源控制为主的综合性防治措施,对控制垸外感染性钉螺具有重要作用。     

养殖业抗生素的使用及其潜在危害

细菌耐药性和食品安全问题业已引起全球的普遍关注。越来越多的证据表明,畜牧养殖业滥用抗生素对于细菌耐药性的出现和耐药基因的传播起着重要作用。了解养殖业抗生素的使用现状和滥用抗生素对人类健康的潜在危害,对我国限制及禁止畜牧养殖业抗生素的使用具有重要作用。     

Susceptibility of Culicoides biting midge larvae to the insect-pathogenic fungus, Metarhizium anisopliae: Prospects for bluetongue vector control

Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are responsible for the spread of several arboviruses of livestock and humans that are of international importance. This study assesses the virulence of 18 insect-pathogenic fungal strains from the genera Metarhizium, Beauveria, Isaria and Lecanicillium to larval stages of Culicoides nubeculous Meigen as a means of examining their potential as biocontrol agents. In initial screening, six strains of M. anisopliae (ERL700, CA1, V275, LRC181A, ARSEF 3291 and ARSEF 4556) outperformed the other tested genera and were found to cause between 90% and 100% larval mortality in all larval instars of this species at 72 h post inoculation. The virulence of the most effective strain, M. anisopliae V275, was then further tested by exposing larvae to doses which ranged from 10⁴-10⁸ conidia/ml and recording mortality at 24, 48 and 72 h in a 24-multi-well plate with each well containing 600 μl of water and at 24 and 48 h in 250 ml plastic cups containing 50 ml of water. Sensitivity of larvae was extremely high in the multi-well plates, with LC₅₀ values of 4.3-4.5 × 10³ conidia/ml and no significant differences between larval instars. In the 250 ml cups, M. anisopliae V275 caused mortalities of between 70% and 100% to larvae and later instars exhibited higher mortality rates. The results are discussed in relation to incorporation of M. anisopliae into biocontrol programmes to control arboviruses vectored by Culicoides.     

Seroprevalences and local variation of human and livestock brucellosis in two villages in Gharbia Governorate, Egypt

This study aimed at assessing the epidemiology of brucellosis among both human and livestock populations in an endemic area in Egypt. A cross-sectional survey was conducted in two villages, where 616 inhabitants (aged 3-75 years) and 350 livestock of 97 households were enrolled. Sera were tested for Brucella spp. antibodies by tube agglutination test for both populations. Proportions of seropositive sera were 0.0 and 1.7% among the inhabitants, and 0.0 and 16% among livestock of villages I and II, respectively. Calculated seroprevalences considering the clustering of brucellosis within households were 0.03 for people and 5.2 for livestock in village II. The village variable (P=0.07) and keeping sheep in the household (P=0.01) were significant risk factors for human brucellosis, whereas only the village was significant for livestock (P<0.001). Sheep showed the highest seropositive proportions of brucellosis among livestock. No association could be detected between human and livestock brucellosis. In conclusion, we found local variation of seroprevalences of brucellosis among human and livestock in the two surveyed villages. Further epidemiological studies have to be conducted in randomly selected governorates, not only to confirm the low seroprevelance of human brucellosis, but also to assess the risk factors of livestock infection for terms of prophylaxis.     

荆州市人畜同步化疗控制血吸虫病疫情12年纵向观察

目的 评价1992-2001年世界银行贷款中国血吸虫病控制项目期间,湖北省荆州市血吸虫病的防治效果,并观察该项目结束2年后疫情变化情况。 方法 采用回顾性纵向调查方法,收集整理1992-2003年荆州市8个县（市、区）人畜查病、治病、扩大化疗、查螺、灭螺和健康教育等年报资料,利用u检验进行疫情动态分析。 结果 2001年荆州市血吸虫病患者（77 009例）比1992年（140 438例）下降了45.2%,其中急性和晚期血吸虫病患者（63和1 032例）分别比1992年（244和1 841例）下降74.2%和43.9%;人群平均感染率由1992年的7.8%降至4.7%;防治前后人群平均感染率的差异有统计学意义（u=28.864,P＜0.01）。2001年感染血吸虫的耕牛（3 454头）比1992年（8 035头）下降了57.0%,耕牛平均感染率亦由1992年的7.9%降至2001年的3.7%,防治前后耕牛平均感染率的差异有统计学意义（u=9.338,P＜0.01）。2001年钉螺面积（19 368 hm2）比1992年（25 395 hm2）下降了23.7%。项目结束2年后,2003年急性血吸虫病例100例,比1992年下降了59.0%,但比2001年上升了58.7%。人群平均感染率上升至8.4%,比1992年和2001年分别上升了7.7%和78.7%（u=6.453、34.804,P＜0.01）。耕牛平均感染率为6.5%,比1992年下降了17.7%,比2001年上升了75.6%（u=3.061、5.894,P＜0.01）。钉螺面积上升至32 853 hm2,比1992年和2001年分别增加了29.3%和69.6%。 结论 人畜同步化疗可在短期内控制疫情和传播,项目结束后疫情发生反弹,甚至高于项目开始前的疫情水平。     

MicroRNAs as serum biomarker for Senecio brasiliensis poisoning in cattle

Senecio spp. is one of the most frequent plant-related poisonings in cattle. Its ingestion generates the disease seneciosis, characterized by hepatic damages. Liver biopsies and serum markers dosage are tools used in diagnosis; however, many breeding cattle are undiagnosed. MicroRNAs are non-coding RNA, stable in biological fluids. Their difference in expression levels may indicate the presence of the poisoning. We analyzed the miRNA profiling to identify potential diagnostic biomarkers for Senecio brasiliensis poisoning. The expression of miR-21, miR-885, miR-122, miR-181b, miR-30a, miR-378, and let-7 f were evaluated in the serum of exposed cattle. At least one histological change was found in liver and lower quantity of albumin and high AST and ALP were also detected. MiRNAs miR-30a, miR-378, miR-21, miR-885, and miR-122 presented significantly higher expression in intoxicated animals than in healthy animals. Furthermore, miR-122, miR-885, and, especially, miR-21 signatures demonstrated high sensitivity and specificity, with potential application for detecting poisoning.