Preoperative staging of gastrointestinal tumors by endosonography

Summary Intracavitary application of ultrasound was first performed for diagnostic purposes in 1967; since that time, it has been more and more widely used. As far as the gastrointestinal tract is concerned, endoscopically controlled ultrasonic probes provide visualization of the various layers of the intestinal wall. It is therefore possible to describe lesions of the esophagus, stomach, and the rectum with regard to their nature and depth of infiltration. Furthermore, periesophageal and perigastric organs can be visualized. It has become evident that endosonography is particularly important for pretherapeutic staging of tumors of the esophagus, stomach, and rectum. Here prospective comparative studies confirm the superiority of this new diagnostic procedure when compared to the methods available to date.     

超声内镜对胃异位胰腺的诊治价值

目的 探讨超声内镜对胃异位胰腺的诊断和治疗水平.方法 总结近3年来经病理确诊并同时行超声内镜检查的12例异位胰腺患者的临床资料,回顾性分析胃异位胰腺的超声内镜图像特征.结果 12例病理确诊的异位胰腺患者中,超声内镜诊断符合率75%(9/12).超声内镜下胃异位胰腺均表现为隆起性病变,可发生于胃壁任何一层或多层,以黏膜下层为多见,呈低、中或混合回声,其中不超过黏膜下层的10例均行内镜下切除,无并发症出现.结论 超声内镜对胃异位胰腺的诊断有一定的意义,并可根据超声内镜所显示的病变深度决定下一步治疗,且内镜下治疗是一种安全有效的方法.     

Bronchogenic cyst of the stomach:A case report

BACKGROUND Gastric bronchogenic cysts(BCs)are extremely rare cystic masses caused by abnormal development of the respiratory system during the embryonic period.Gastric bronchial cysts are rare lesions first reported in 1956;as of 2019,only 37 cases are available in the MEDLINE/PubMed online databases.BCs usually have no clinical symptoms in the early stage,and their imaging findings also lack specificity.Therefore,they are difficult to diagnose before histopathological examination.CASE SUMMARY A 55-year-old woman presented at our hospital with intermittent epigastric pain.She had a slightly high level of serum carbohydrate antigen 72-4(CA 72-4).Endoscopic ultrasound found that a cystic mass originated from the submucosa of the posterior gastric wall near the cardia,indicating a diagnosis of cystic hygroma of the stomach.Furthermore,a computed tomography scan demonstrated a quasi-circular cystic mass closely related to the lesser curvature of the gastric fundus with a low density.Because the imaging examinations did not suggest a malignancy and the patient required complete resection,she underwent laparoscopic surgery.As an intraoperative finding,this cystic lesion was located in the posterior wall of the fundus and contained some yellow viscous liquid.Finally,the pathologists verified that the cyst in the fundus was a gastric BC.The patient recovered well with normal CA 72-4 levels,and her course was uneventful at 10 mo.CONCLUSION This is a valuable report as it describes an extremely rare case of gastric BC.Moreover,this is the first case of BC to present with elevated CA 72-4 levels.     

Therapeutic Decision-Making Using Endoscopic Ultrasonography in Endoscopic Treatment of Early Gastric Cancer

Background/Aims

We evaluated the effectiveness of an endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)-based treatment plan compared to an endoscopy-based treatment plan in selecting candidates with early gastric cancer (EGC) for endoscopic submucosal dissection based on the prediction of invasion depth.

Methods

We reviewed 393 EGCs with differentiated histology from 380 patients who underwent EUS from July 2007 to April 2010. The effectiveness of the EUS-based and endoscopy-based plans was evaluated using a simplified hypothetical treatment algorithm.

Results

The numbers of endoscopically determined mucosal, indeterminate, and submucosal cancers were 253 (64.4%), 56 (14.2%), and 84 (21.4%), respectively. Overall, the appropriate treatment selection rates were 75.3% (296/393) in the endoscopy-based plan and 71.5% (281/393) in the EUS-based plan (p=0.184). For endoscopic mucosal cancers, the appropriate treatment selection rates in the endoscopy-based plan were 88.1% (223/253), while the use of an EUS-based plan significantly decreased this rate to 81.4% (206/253) (p=0.036). For endoscopic submucosal cancers, the appropriate selection rates did not differ between the endoscopy-based plan (46.4%, 39/84) and the EUS-based plan (53.6%, 45/84) (p=0.070).

Conclusions

EUS did not increase the likelihood of selecting the appropriate treatment in differentiated-type EGC. Therefore, EUS may not be necessary before treating differentiated-type EGC, especially in endoscopically presumed mucosal cancers.     

Feasibility of therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound in the bridge-to-surgery scenario: The example of pancreatic adenocarcinoma

Upfront resection is becoming a rarer indication for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, as biologic behavior and natural history of the disease has boosted indications for neoadjuvant treatments. Jaundice, gastric outlet obstruction and acute cholecystitis can frequently complicate this window of opportunity, resulting in potentially deleterious chemotherapy discontinuation, whose resumption relies on effective, prompt and long-lasting management of these complications. Although therapeutic endoscopic ultrasound (t-EUS) can potentially offer some advantages over comparators, its use in potentially resectable patients is primal and has unfairly been restricted for fear of potential technical difficulties during subsequent surgery. This is a narrative review of available evidence regarding EUS-guided choledochoduodenostomy, gastrojejunostomy and gallbladder drainage in the bridge-to-surgery scenario. Proof-of-concept evidence suggests no influence of t-EUS procedures on outcomes of eventual subsequent surgery. Moreover, the very high efficacy-invasiveness ratio over comparators in managing pancreatic cancer-related symptoms or complications can provide a powerful weapon against chemotherapy discontinuation, potentially resulting in higher subsequent resectability. Available evidence is discussed in this short paper, together with technical notes that might be useful for endoscopists and surgeons operating in this scenario. No published evidence supports restricting t-EUS in potential surgical candidates, especially in the setting of pancreatic cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Bridge-to-surgery t-EUS deserves further prospective evaluation.     

内镜超声检查在肝门部胆管癌诊断和术前评价中的作用

目的 探讨内镜超声检查术（endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS）在肝门部胆管癌诊断和术前评价中的价值。方法 回顾性收集2016年4月—2019年12月在海军军医大学第三附属医院因肝门部胆管狭窄行EUS检查,并经手术后病理确诊为肝门部胆管癌的病例。记录并分析患者的临床信息、EUS影像特征和淋巴结情况。结果 最终纳入58例患者,肝门部病变EUS表现为血流不丰富的胆管占位和（或）胆管壁不对称增厚,其中胆管占位45例（77.6%）、胆管壁增厚32例（55.2%）,两者并存19例（32.8%）。EUS扫查发现血管侵犯共10例,其中侵犯门静脉3例、肝动脉4例,同时侵犯3例;术后病理发现血管侵犯共14例,诊断符合率为71.4%（10/14）。在53例患者中共扫查到101枚淋巴结,恶性淋巴结表现为低回声、圆形或椭圆形、内部回声均匀。与良性淋巴结相比,恶性淋巴结具有较高的形态学评分（11.41±0.6 比9.01±0.15,P<0.001）,而两者大小差异无统计学意义[（13.29±0.90）mm比(11.87±0.56) mm,P= 0.28]。以淋巴结EUS形态学评分≥12分为恶性诊断标准,EUS判断恶性淋巴结的准确率、敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值分别为92.1%（93/101）、76.5%（13/17）、95.2%（80/84）、76.5%（13/17）、95.2%（80/84）。结论 EUS可显示整个肝外胆管及部分肝内胆管,明确病变范围,有助于肝门部胆管癌的诊断及指导制定手术方案。     

胆总管腺瘤的内镜超声表现

目的探讨胆总管腺瘤的内镜超声（endoscopic ultrasonography, EUS）下特征性表现。方法回顾性研究2015年1月—2020年1月天津市南开医院收治的经病理证实的15例胆总管腺瘤患者的临床资料,对其EUS特点进行总结分析。结果胆总管腺瘤EUS下表现为均质中等或中低回声软组织团块,边界清晰,动态观察可见腺瘤于胆管内漂浮,但不可移动。15例患者EUS与病理诊断符合14例,诊断符合率为93.3%。1例患者由于胆汁淤积误以为病变可移动而被EUS诊断为胆泥团。1例患者胆总管有2处孤立腺瘤,分别位于胆总管中段及下段,其余均为单发腺瘤。腺瘤位于胆总管下段9处,位于壶腹部4处,位于胆总管上段2处,位于胆总管中段1处;病理为绒毛状腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变7处,局部恶变4处;绒毛管状腺瘤伴高级别上皮内瘤变6处,局部恶变3处;绒毛管状腺瘤伴低级别上皮内瘤变2处;乳头状腺瘤1处。 结论EUS有助于胆总管腺瘤的定性诊断,可作为提高胆总管腺瘤诊断准确率的重要技术方法。     

直肠腔内剪切波弹性成像对局部进展期直肠癌新辅助放化疗后T分期的价值

目的探讨经直肠腔内超声弹性成像对局部进展期直肠癌新辅助放化疗后T分期的应用价值。 方法收集就诊于中国医学科学院肿瘤医院的局部进展期直肠癌患者57例,均于术前接受新辅助放化疗,并进行根治性手术。所有患者新辅助放化疗前后行经直肠腔内超声（ERUS）及剪切波弹性成像（SWE）检查。以术后病理为金标准,评价ERUS及SWE对直肠癌新辅助放化疗后T分期的准确性。 结果ERUS对局部进展期直肠癌新辅助放化疗后T分期的诊断准确率为59.6%（34/57）。ERUS判断肿瘤局限于肠壁（T0~T2）的准确性为39.3%（11/28）。46.2%（6/13）的ypT0期患者被过高分期。放化疗前后,杨氏模量最大值（Emax）平均值分别为（103.27±29.23）kPa、（49.91±32.67）kPa,差异有统计学意义（t=6.236,P<0.001）。新辅助治疗后病理T分期越高,Emax平均值随之升高。以放化疗后病灶Emax构建ROC曲线,选取58 kPa作为最佳诊断临界点时,诊断放化疗后残余病变局限于肠壁内的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为76.2%、86.4%、78.9%;以43 kPa为最佳诊断临界点,诊断ypT0期的敏感性、特异性、准确性分别为100%、84.6%、89.7%,均较ERUS有改善,说明SWE可提高新辅助治疗后直肠癌再分期的准确性,有助于临床治疗方案的制定。 结论经直肠腔内SWE可提高局部进展期直肠癌新辅助放化疗后T分期的准确性,可丰富现有影像检查方法。     

超声内镜对126例胃癌术前TNM分期的临床分析

目的 评价超声内镜(EUS)对胃癌患者术前TNM分期的准确性.方法 126例行外科手术治疗的胃癌患者,于术前1周行EUS和腹部螺旋CT检查,确定肿瘤浸润深度(T)、淋巴结转移(N)、远处转移(M)等分期情况,并与术后病理TNM分期进行对照,以评价EUS对TNM分期的准确性.数据处理采用配对x2检验.结果 与术后病理结果比较,EUS对胃癌T1、T2、T3、T4分期的准确率分别为84.6％、14/18、82.0％、85.7％;EUS对胃癌N0、N1、N2、N3分期的准确率分别为74.2％、75.0％、57.9％、5/17.螺旋CT对胃癌N0、N1、N2、N3分期的准确率分别为80.6％、75.0％、73.7％、12/17.EUS与螺旋CT对N0和N1分期判断的准确率接近,而对N2和N3分期的判断,螺旋CT较EUS有明显优势(x2=4.89,P=0.027;x2=13.88,P＜0.01).对于胃癌远处转移M1分期的比较,EUS与螺旋CT的准确率分别为36.4％、95.5％,螺旋CT对M1的判断优于EUS(x2=7.90,P=0.001).结论 EUS对胃癌术前T分期具有较高的临床应用价值,而对淋巴结转移的N2、N3分期及远处转移的M分期的准确性有待提高.为获得较准确的术前TNM分期以指导治疗方案的选择,有必要联合螺旋CT检查.