结直肠腺瘤上皮内瘤变高危因素657例分析

目的分析结直肠腺瘤临床、内镜及病理组织学特点,总结结直肠腺瘤发生上皮内瘤变的相关危险因素.方法回顾分析华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院2014-01/2016-04以电子结肠镜检出并经病理证实为结直肠腺瘤性息肉的657例患者的相关临床资料,依据是否存在上皮内瘤变分为上皮内瘤变组和非上皮内瘤变组,组间采用χ~2检验,腺瘤发生上皮内瘤变及其恶变程度的相关危险因素采用多因素Logistic回归分析.结果结直肠腺瘤多发生于左半结肠,上皮内瘤变总发生率为22.68%,年龄、息肉直径、蒂的长度、病理类型是腺瘤上皮内瘤变的危险因素,可纳入Logistic回归方程:logit P=-4.384+0.796X2(年龄)+0.324X3(息肉直径)+1.296X4(蒂部形态)+0.944X7(病理类型).性别、年龄、息肉大小是腺瘤高级别内瘤变的危险因素,可纳入Logistic回归方程:logit P=-2.939+1.036X1(性别)+0.853X2(年龄)+1.023X3(息肉直径).低级别及高级别上皮内瘤变组总胆固醇、甘油三酯水平均显著高于无上皮内瘤变组(P0.05).高级别上皮瘤变组在低密度脂蛋白、尿酸(uric acid,URIC)均显著高于无上皮内瘤变组(P0.05).而三组之间高密度脂蛋白、癌胚抗原无明显差异.结论年龄40岁、直径1 cm、有蒂及绒毛管状腺瘤更易发生上皮内瘤变,男性、息肉直径、年龄是结直肠腺瘤发生高级别上皮内瘤变的危险因素.结直肠腺瘤发生上皮内瘤变可能与血脂、URIC水平有关.     

结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变的临床分析38例

目的:研究结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变的临床病理特征,探讨临床合理治疗决策.方法:回顾性总结38例经内镜检查和病理初步诊断为结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变患者的,临床资料,分析其临床表现、内镜形态学、组织病理学特点、预后等,随访观察3-36 mo.结果:38例患者中,最终确诊17例为结直肠癌.21例仍为高级别上皮内瘤变.治疗前后诊断一致性较差(Kappa值为0.376).结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变合并癌的高危因素包括:肿瘤大小、内镜形态特点、症状严重、绒毛状腺瘤合并高级别上皮内瘤变、CEA或CA19-9增高等.结论:使用WHO新的诊断结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变需引起临床医生重视,特别是对于内镜下单纯活检病例.应当谨慎选择治疗方式和随访时间.     

经肛门内镜微创手术治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤

目的 探讨经肛门内镜微创手术(TEM)治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤的临床价值.方法 2007年12月至2010年9月我院开展TEM治疗老年人结直肠腺瘤21例,肿瘤距肛缘距离为4～20 cm,平均8.9cm,肿瘤直径为1.1～3.5 cm,平均1.9 cm.术前均行全结肠镜和直肠腔内超声检查(EUS),术前病理诊断:管状腺瘤12例,绒毛状腺瘤9例.全麻下根据肿瘤位置选择合适的体位,经肛门插入特殊的手术直肠镜,保持CO2充气状态,在立体视镜和腔镜系统下,采用5 mm超声刀将肿瘤(黏膜下或全层)完整切除,手术创口在腔内连续缝合.结果 21例肿瘤均获完整切除(12例黏膜下切除,9例全层切除),切缘均阴性;手术时间40～100min,平均76 min;术中出血量10～80ml,平均50ml;术后住院时间2～10 d,平均4.5d;术后病理分期:pT0 16例,pTia5例;病理诊断:管状腺瘤9例,绒毛状腺瘤12例,其中低级别上皮内瘤变5例,高级别上皮内瘤变5例;20例随访2～20个月,平均11个月,肿瘤无原位复发.结论 TEM微创并发症少,是治疗老年结直肠腺瘤的一种安全、有效的手术方法,术前EUS检查对TEM非常重要.     

1例家族性结肠息肉病诊治引发的思考

临床资料患者,女,56岁,因作为家族性结肠息肉病患者旁系亲属于2010年6月在本院门诊行结肠镜检查发现结肠多发Ip型息肉,大小0.5 cm～2.0 cm不等,以降结肠多见。病理示：降结肠一处为高级别上皮内瘤变,一处为绒毛管状腺瘤,腺上皮轻至中度不典型增生。     

结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变的处理策略

[目的]研究结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变的临床及病理特征,探讨外科治疗原则和策略。[方法]45例结直肠肿瘤患者术前经内镜病理活检均诊断为高级别上皮内瘤变者,其中1例行腹腔镜探查,2例扩肛肿瘤局部切除,1例扩肛局部切除后补充行Miles术,2例行姑息性肿瘤手术,余39例行根治性结直肠癌手术,并将手术标本与术前病理作比较。[结果]术后病理活检示45例中有3例仍为高级别上皮内瘤变;42例证实为腺癌,其中1例伴有肝转移,24例有淋巴结转移,17例无淋巴结转移。[结论]术前病理活检确诊的结直肠高级别上皮内瘤变的肿瘤与术后病理活检结果一致性较差,对于这类患者应予积极的外科处理。     

内镜黏膜下剥离术在治疗胃上皮内瘤变中的应用与评价

目的探讨胃上皮内瘤变行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)的可行性、必要性及疗效。方法对50例内镜下有明确病灶,表现为浅表病变,活检病理为上皮内瘤变的患者,行ESD切除病灶,对比术前术后病理结果,并内镜随访。结果 34例术前活检病理为低级别上皮内瘤变的病灶ESD术后病理诊断为低级别上皮内瘤变22例、高级别上皮内瘤变6例、黏膜内癌4例、黏膜下浅层癌2例。16例术前活检病理为高级别上皮内瘤变的病灶ESD术后病理诊断为慢性炎症肠上皮化生1例、高级别上皮内瘤变5例、黏膜内癌3例、黏膜下层癌7例。结论 ESD治疗内镜下有明确病灶的上皮内瘤变可及时发现早期胃癌,并有效预防胃癌的发生、发展。     

幽门螺杆菌阴性早期胃癌的内镜及组织学 特点分析

目的分析并总结幽门螺杆菌（Helicobacter pylori, HP）阴性早期胃癌或高级别上皮内瘤变的内镜及组织学特点。方法检索在解放军总医院第七医学中心2013年1月—2020年1月诊断为早期胃癌或高级别上皮内瘤变的患者,按照HP阴性胃癌诊断标准纳入病例,回顾性分析其临床特点、内镜下表现及组织病理学特点。结果469处早期胃癌/高级别上皮内瘤变中共有10处（21%）HP阴性早期胃癌/高级别上皮内瘤变,其中包括3处印戒细胞癌,3处胃底腺型胃癌,1处胃小凹上皮型腺癌,1处贲门部高级别上皮内瘤变,1处家族性腺瘤性息肉病并发胃高级别上皮内瘤变,及1处Lynch综合征并发胃高级别上皮内瘤变。3处印戒细胞癌内镜下形态均为发白的平坦/凹陷病变,胃下部多见（2/3）。分化型早期胃癌/高级别上皮内瘤变7处,多位于胃中上部（6/7）,隆起型病变（5/7）多见。结论HP阴性早期胃癌或高级别上皮内瘤变内镜常表现为孤立性病灶,其中未分化型癌多表现为胃下部的发白平坦/凹陷病变,而分化型多表现为胃中上部的隆起型病变。     

食管早期癌及上皮内瘤变内镜黏膜下剥离术16例临床分析

目的探讨内镜黏膜下剥离术(endoscopic submucosal dissection,ESD)对食管早期癌及上皮内瘤变的治疗效果。方法回顾分析16例食管早期癌及上皮内瘤变行ESD患者的临床资料。常规内镜发现病灶,卢戈氏液(Lugol’s solution)染色和超声内镜检查,确定病变边界、范围和深度,无禁忌证患者均在气管插管静脉麻醉条件下行ESD。术后1、3、6个月内镜复查评估治疗效果。结果本组16例患者22处病变成功完成ESD治疗,手术成功率91.67%(22/24)。术后病理示6例12处高级别上皮内瘤变与术前诊断相符,3例原诊断为高级别上皮内瘤变共3处,其中2处为黏膜内癌,1处为原位癌。术前3例共3处黏膜内癌,2例共2处原位癌ESD术后病理与术前相符。2例高级别上皮内瘤变因术中出血及操作时间过长未能成功实施ESD。结论 ESD是治疗食管早期癌及上皮内瘤变的有效方法,其优势为创伤小、疗效好、恢复快。     

结直肠上皮内瘤变病理诊断分析

目的明确上皮内瘤变概念,对结直肠上皮内瘤变进行病理诊断分析,旨在指导医护人员正确诊断患者病情,避免误诊。方法选取我院收治的经内镜活检病理诊断为"上皮内瘤变"的48例作为研究对象,保留同一患者的内镜活检资料和手术标本,期间共获得同一患者手术前内镜活检切片48张,HE染色切片188张,由3名医师分别复查,最后诊断以手术标本切片为准。结果 48例患者中有23例在术前被诊断为低级别上皮内瘤变,有25例在术前被诊断为高级别上皮瘤变,术后通过病理诊断,有6例确诊为腺瘤,并伴随有低级别上皮内瘤变,有11例确诊为高级别上皮内瘤变,剩余31例均确诊为腺癌,癌症比例为64.58%,其中浸润性腺癌26例(54.17%)。根据患者的内镜活检资料和同一患者的手术标本相互比较,并通过3名医生复检,有两例在术前被误诊为腺癌。结论认真领会上皮内瘤变概念,并应用到结直肠患者病理诊断分析过程中,通过与临床医师的有效配合,降低误诊率,延长患者生命,改善患者生活质量。     

胃食管高级别上皮内瘤变内镜切除术前后病理结果对比研究

目的 比较胃、食管高级别上皮内瘤变病灶内镜活检与内镜切除标本病理诊断的异同.方法 选取近4年间147例内镜活检诊断为胃、食管黏膜高级别上皮内瘤变、经内镜下切除（EMR或ESD）患者的资料,对切除前后的病理结果进行对照分析.结果 147例患者活检病理均诊断胃、食管上皮内瘤变,其中胃41例,食管106例;内镜术后97例（66%）维持上皮内瘤变诊断,50例（34%）诊断为癌,且有11例已经侵犯到黏膜下层.病理分型腺癌34例,鳞癌16例,其中低-中分化癌22例（44%）.结论 内镜活检诊断胃、食管高级别上皮内瘤变的病例超过三分之一已经癌变,应该采取积极的治疗措施.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

MUTATION FREQUENCY IN NURSES AND PHARMACISTS WORKING WITH CYTOTOXIC DRUGS

Individuals occupationally exposed to cytotoxic drugs may be at risk owing to the effects of these agents on DNA. As an index of DNA damage, in vivo mutations were measured in lymphocytes from 24 oncology nurses or pharmacists and 24 matched controls. Mutation frequency was significantly increased in exposed individuals and appeared to be related to duration of exposure. However, the overall magnitude of the increase was small and its biological significance remains to be determined.     

A single injection of adrenergic agonists enhances pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the pineal gland of Turkish hamsters (Mesocricetus brandti) responds to adrenergic agonists with an increase in melatonin production, and, if it does, whether the sensitivity of the pineal gland to agonists would differ throughout the dark phase. Adult Turkish hamsters weighing 110–210 g received a subcutaneous injection of isoproterenol (ISO, 1 mg/kg B.W.) or norepinephrine (NE, 1 mg/kg B.W.) at different times of night. Animals exposed to LD 16:8 responded to ISO or NE with increased pineal melatonin content only when injected at dawn, when endogenous melatonin is at basal or near-basal levels. When the 8 hr scotophase was entirely replaced with light, the responsiveness to ISO injections at dawn disappeared. In animals exposed to light from 30 min prior to injection to the time of sacrifice, ISO injections increased pineal melatonin content (P < 0.005, three-way ANOVA), which varied, depending on the specific time of injection (effect of time of night, P < 0.05, three-way ANOVA). These results demonstrate that (1) adrenergic agonists enhance the production of pineal melatonin in Turkish hamsters, (2) this stimulatory effect takes place late, but not early in the 8 hr scotophase, and (3) the adrenergic induction of pineal melatonin production in Turkish hamsters requires priming by darkness during the appropriate circadian phase.     

Immune effector mechanisms in malaria: An update focusing on human immunity

The past decade has witnessed dramatic decreases in malaria‐associated mortality and morbidity around the world. This progress has largely been due to intensified malaria control measures, implementation of rapid diagnostics and establishing a network to anticipate and mitigate antimalarial drug resistance. However, the ultimate tool for malaria prevention is the development and implementation of an effective vaccine. To date, malaria vaccine efforts have focused on determining which of the thousands of antigens expressed by Plasmodium falciparum are instrumental targets of protective immunity. The antigenic variation and antigenic polymorphisms arising in parasite genes under immune selection present a daunting challenge for target antigen selection and prioritization, and is a given caveat when interpreting immune recall responses or results from monovalent vaccine trials. Other immune evasion strategies executed by the parasite highlight the myriad of ways in which it can become a recurrent infection. This review provides an update on immune effector mechanisms in malaria and focuses on our improved ability to interrogate the complexity of human immune system, accelerated by recent methodological advances. Appreciating how the human immune landscape influences the effectiveness and longevity of antimalarial immunity will help explain which conditions are necessary for immune effector mechanisms to prevail.     

Secondary aortoduodenal fistula

Aorto-duodenal fistulae （ADF） are the most frequent aorto-enteric fistulae （80%）, presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. We report the first case of a man with a secondary aorto-duodenal fistula presenting with a history of persistent occlusive syndrome. A 59-year old man who underwent an aortic-bi-femoral bypass 5 years ago, presented with dyspepsia and biliary vomiting. Computed tomography scan showed in the third duodenal segment the presence of inflammatory tissue with air bubbles between the duodenum and prosthesis, adherent to the duodenum. The patient was submitted to surgery, during which the prosthesis was detached from the duodenum, the intestine failed to close and a gastro-jejunal anastomosis was performed. The post-operative course was simple, secondary ADF was a complication （0.3%-2%） of aortic surgery. Mechanical erosion of the prosthetic material into the bowel was due to the lack of interposed retroperitoneal tissue or the excessive pulsation of redundantly placed grafts or septic procedures. The third or fourth duodenal segment was most frequently involved. Diagnosis of ADF was difficult. Surgical treatment is always recommended by explorative laparotomy. ADF must be suspected whenever a patient with aortic prosthesis has digestive bleeding or unexplained obstructive syndrome. Rarely the clinical picture of ADF is subtle presenting as an obstructive syndrome and in these cases the principal goal is to effectively relieve the mechanical bowel obstruction.     

Serological survey of HIV and syphilis in pregnant women in Madagascar

Objectives Peripartal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and Treponema pallidum, the causative agent of syphilis, leads to severe consequences for newborns. Preventive measures require awareness of the maternal infection. Although HIV and syphilis testing in Madagascar could be theoretically carried out within the framework of the national pregnancy follow‐up scheme, the required test kits are rarely available at peripheral health centres. In this study, we screened blood samples of pregnant Madagascan women for HIV and syphilis seroprevalence to estimate the demand for systemic screening in pregnancy. Methods Retrospective anonymous serological analysis for HIV and syphilis was performed in plasma samples from 1232 pregnant women that were taken between May and July 2010 in Ambositra, Ifanadiana, Manakara, Mananjary, Moramanga and Tsiroanomandidy (Madagascar) during pregnancy follow‐up. Screening was based on Treponema pallidum haemagglutination tests for syphilis and rapid tests for HIV, with confirmation of positive screening results on line assays. Results Out of 1232 pregnant women, none were seropositive for HIV and 37 (3%) were seropositive for Treponema pallidum. Conclusions Our findings are in line with previous studies that describe considerable syphilis prevalence in the rural Madagascan population. The results suggest a need for screening to prevent peripartal Treponema pallidum transmission, while HIV is still rare. If they are known, Treponema pallidum infections can be easily, safely and inexpensively treated even in pregnancy to reduce the risk of transmission.     

Married to M. tuberculosis: risk of infection and disease in spouses of smear-positive tuberculosis patients

Objectives To quantify the risk of infection and disease in spouses of tuberculosis patients and the extent to which intervention could reduce the risk in this highly exposed group. Methods We compared HIV prevalence, TB prevalence and incidence and tuberculin skin test (TST) results in spouses of TB patients and community controls. HIV‐positive spouses were offered isoniazid preventive therapy (IPT), and TST was repeated at 6, 12 and 24 months. Results We recruited 148 spouses of smear‐positive patients ascertained prospectively and 3% had active TB. We identified 203 spouses of previously diagnosed smear‐positive patients, 11 had already had TB, and the rate of TB was 2.4 per 100 person years(py) over 2 years (95% CI 1.15–5.09). 116 were found alive and recruited. HIV prevalence was 37% and 39% in the prospective and retrospective spouse groups and 17% in controls. TST was ≥10 mm in 80% of HIV negative and in 57% of HIV‐positive spouses ascertained retrospectively; 74% HIV negative and 62% HIV‐positive spouses ascertained prospectively, and 48% HIV negative and 26% HIV‐positive community controls. Of 54 HIV‐positive spouses, 18 completed 6‐month IPT. At 2 year follow‐up, 87% of surviving spouses had TST ≥10 mm and the rate of TB was 1.1 per 100 py (95% CI 0.34–3.29). Conclusions Spouses are a high‐risk group who should be screened for HIV and active TB. TST prevalence was already high by the time the spouses were approached but further infections were seen to occur. Uptake and adherence to IPT was disappointing, lessening the impact of short‐duration therapy.