Age at first drink and the first incidence of adult-onset DSM-IV alcohol use disorders

Background: Existing studies of the association between age at first drink (AFD) and the risk of alcohol use disorders (AUD) suffer from inconsistent levels of control and designs that may inflate associations by failure to control for duration of exposure to risk. Methods: This study examined associations between AFD (ages <15 and 15–17 vs. 18+ years) and first incidence of DSM‐IV alcohol dependence, abuse, and specific AUD criteria over a 3‐year follow‐up in a longitudinal study of U.S. drinkers 18 years of age and older at baseline (n = 22,316), controlling for duration of exposure, family history, and a wide range of baseline and childhood risk factors. Results: After adjusting for all risk factors, the incidence of dependence was increased for AFD < 15 years (OR = 1.38) and for women only with AFD at ages 15 to 17 (OR = 1.54). The incidence of abuse was increased at AFD <15 and 15 to 17 years (OR = 1.52 and 1.30, respectively). Most dependence criteria showed significant associations with AFD, but hazardous drinking and continued drinking despite interpersonal problems were the only abuse criteria to do so. All associations were nonsignificant after controlling for volume of consumption, except that AFD at all ages <18 combined was associated with a reduced likelihood of impaired control, and AFD at ages 15 to 17 was associated with lower odds of drinking more/longer than intended among heavy‐volume drinkers. In a population of low‐risk drinkers that excluded those with positive family histories, personality disorders, and childhood risk factors, there were strong associations between early AFD (<18) and the incidence of dependence (OR = 3.79) and continued drinking despite physical/psychological problems (OR = 2.71), but no association with incidence of abuse. Conclusions: There is a robust association between AFD and the risk of AUD that appears to reflect willful rather than uncontrolled heavy drinking, consistent with misuse governed by poor decision‐making and/or reward‐processing skills associated with impaired executive cognitive function (ECF). Additional research is needed to determine causality in the role of impaired ECF, including longitudinal studies with samples of low‐risk adolescents.     

专项整治活动后尤溪县医院抗菌药物使用强度分析

目的:评价专项整治活动后尤溪县医院住院患者抗菌药物的使用情况,为临床合理用药和有效管理提供参考。方法:回顾性收集该院2012年7月至2013年9月所有抗菌药物处方,以限定日剂量为单位,计算各种抗菌药物和各类别抗菌药物的使用强度(AUD),并进行分析。结果:该院住院患者抗菌药物的AUD在60~75 DDDs/(100人·d)之间,高于原卫生部规定的标准。其中,第三代头孢菌素、第一代头孢菌素、喹诺酮类和头霉素类分别居各类别品种抗菌药物AUD的前4位。结论:该院仍存在抗菌药物用药过度、档次过高等问题,需继续加大干预力度。     

专项整治对医院抗菌药物临床应用的影响

目的:评价专项整治对医院抗菌药物临床应用的影响。方法:从医院信息系统中导出2011年7月-2012年6月(第1次整治)和2012年7月-2013年6月(第2次整治)全院抗菌药物应用数据,利用Excel对抗菌药物的品种、品规数、消耗量及金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)等指标进行汇总和分析。结果:继续深入开展抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动后,抗菌药物AUD从15.75 DDDs/(100人·天)降到11.93 DDDs/(100人·天),下降了24.25%;抗菌药物费用占药费比例从2.67%降到2.16%,下降了19.10%;门诊患者使用抗菌药物百分率从1.73%降到0.85%,下降了50.87%;住院患者使用抗菌药物百分率从19.71%降到16.99%,下降了13.80%;清洁手术预防使用抗菌药物百分率从9.38%降到9.00%,下降了4.05%;预防使用抗菌药物人均用药天数从1.69 d降到0.83 d,下降了50.89%;介入预防使用抗菌药物百分率从17.74%降到13.22%,下降了25.48%。结论:连续有效的行政与药学干预措施可提高临床合理应用抗菌药物的水平。     

某三级甲等医院干预前后住院患者的抗菌药物使用强度分析

目的:了解某三级甲等医院开展抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动前、后住院患者抗菌药物使用强度(AUD)的变化情况。方法:回顾性调查该院2010年12月-2011年5月(整治前)和2011年6-11月(整治后)住院患者抗菌药物的使用品种、品规,计算其AUD,并进行对比分析。结果:整治后该院抗菌药物品种、品规从整治前的75种、144个分别下降至48种、79个;抗菌药物的AUD由整治前的85.6DDDs/100人/天下降为56.8DDDs/100人/天;静脉用药的AUD由整治前的73.3DDDs/100人/天下降至49.4DDDs/100人/天;排序前10位药品的AUD由整治前的54.0DDDs/100人/天下降至44.5DDDs/100人/天。结论:通过开展抗菌药物临床应用专项整治活动,抗菌药物的AUD、品种、品规降幅较大,但抗菌药物特别是β-内酰胺类复方制剂的AUD仍较高,还须进一步加强干预和控制抗菌药物的使用。     

An EEG-based functional connectivity measure for automatic detection of alcohol use disorder

BackgroundThe abnormal alcohol consumption could cause toxicity and could alter the human brain’s structure and function, termed as alcohol used disorder (AUD). Unfortunately, the conventional screening methods for AUD patients are subjective and manual. Hence, to perform automatic screening of AUD patients, objective methods are needed. The electroencephalographic (EEG) data have been utilized to study the differences of brain signals between alcoholics and healthy controls that could further developed as an automatic screening tool for alcoholics.MethodIn this work, resting-state EEG-derived features were utilized as input data to the proposed feature selection and classification method. The aim was to perform automatic classification of AUD patients and healthy controls. The validation of the proposed method involved real-EEG data acquired from 30 AUD patients and 30 age-matched healthy controls. The resting-state EEG-derived features such as synchronization likelihood (SL) were computed involving 19 scalp locations resulted into 513 features. Furthermore, the features were rank-ordered to select the most discriminant features involving a rank-based feature selection method according to a criterion, i.e., receiver operating characteristics (ROC). Consequently, a reduced set of most discriminant features was identified and utilized further during classification of AUD patients and healthy controls. In this study, three different classification models such as Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naïve Bayesian (NB), and Logistic Regression (LR) were used.ResultsThe study resulted into SVM classification accuracy = 98%, sensitivity = 99.9%, specificity = 95%, and f-measure = 0.97; LR classification accuracy = 91.7%, sensitivity = 86.66%, specificity = 96.6%, and f-measure = 0.90; NB classification accuracy = 93.6%, sensitivity = 100%, specificity = 87.9%, and f-measure = 0.95.ConclusionThe SL features could be utilized as objective markers to screen the AUD patients and healthy controls.     

呼吸内科抗菌药物使用强度分析

目的 为开展抗菌药物专项整治活动提供依据,提高医院抗菌药物合理使用水平.方法 回顾性调查2012年1-4月医院呼吸内科315例出院患者的基本用药情况,以限定日剂量(DDD)分析法对用药频率(DDDs)和使用强度(AUD)进行统计分析.结果 2012年1-4月AUD分别为120.4、163.2、132.7、100.9 DDD;送检率均＞70.0％,DDDs排序前3位的药物分别为左氧氟沙星、哌拉西林/舒巴坦、头孢唑肟.结论 医院呼吸内科抗菌药物临床使用中以β-内酰胺类抗菌药物占主导地位,使用强度与卫生部要求力争＜40 DDD相差较大;随着抗菌药物的大量使用,细菌耐药性不断发展,应严格按照《抗菌药物临床应用指导原则》合理使用.