Surgical stress and cytoskeletal changes in lens epithelial cells following manual and femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy

AIM: To study the effect of mechanical stress on the cytoskeleton in lens epithelial cells following conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). METHODS: The cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells of the anterior lens capsules (ALC) removed by CPS and FLACS was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity were detected. In order to map the actin network of cells, fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used. The samples were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: GFAP expression was visible in a larger number of the epithelial cells after CPS compared to FLACS. In CPS sample’s epithelial cells, GFAP immunoreactivity indicated robust morphological change. Regarding the actin filaments, the presence of tubular elements connecting epithelial cells, regular actin pattern and marked cortical network after CPS were found. Following FLACS, the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells remained densely structured, and the tubular elements were undetectable, however, the above-mentioned regular actin pattern and the marked cortical network were visible. CONCLUSION: The conventional removal of the ALC induces more robust changes of the cytoskeleton of the lens epithelial cells.     

伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征眼外肌myogenin的研究

目的：：观察伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征患者下斜肌和内直肌中myogenin活性卫星细胞数量的变化,探讨伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征的可能发病原因。方法：将伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者6例中切除的下斜肌及内直肌作为斜视组,行myogenin免疫组织化学染色,统计myogenin阳性染色的卫星细胞核数;角膜移植供体的下斜肌及内直肌(6例)作为对照组。结果：斜视组和对照组下斜肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞数占总细胞数比例分别为(22.7±7.03)%和(4.2±0.75)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。斜视组和对照组内直肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性的肌卫星细胞数分别为(2.2±0.75)%和(4.5±1.05)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：首次报道伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者眼外肌中表达 myogenin 免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞的变化。myogenin可能是伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜 V 征的致病因素。     

外斜V征的手术探讨

目的:探讨外斜V征的手术方法及效果。方法:分析我院2004-01/2008-12收治27例外斜V征患者的手术方法及效果。27例患者中,根据发病原因采取不同的手术方式。18例伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征患者行下斜肌减弱+外斜视矫正术;9例无下斜肌功能亢进的患者在矫正外斜视的同时行水平肌垂直移位。随访2～41mo。结果:患者27例中25例V征消失;第一眼位正位者24例,欠矫2例,过矫1例;15例患者具有不同程度双眼视功能,其中2例恢复立体视。结论:下斜肌功能亢进是外斜V征发病的主要原因,下斜肌减弱联合外斜视矫正术是有效的治疗方法;对于无下斜肌功能亢进者,在矫正外斜视的同时行水平肌垂直移位也具有确切的效果。     

不同下斜肌术式在V征治疗的临床观察

目的 对比观察下斜肌断腱术和下斜肌部分切除术在V征治疗中的效果.方法 取伴有下斜肌亢进的V征患者35例.使用三棱镜交替遮盖法测量视近时第一眼位及上下转25°时的水平斜视度.对下斜肌功能亢进程度进行分级.随机分为2组,分别行下斜肌断腱术和下斜肌部分切除术,观察术后3个月的上下转斜视度差值和下斜肌功能变化.结果 术后3个月时下斜肌断腱术组上下转斜视度差值平均为(5.6 4±5.4)△,下斜肌部分切除术组上下转斜视度差值平均为(4.7±4.3)△,两组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).下斜肌断腱术组下斜肌功能+2级2只眼,+1级7只眼,0级21只眼.下斜肌部分切除术组下斜肌功能+2级1只眼,+1级5只眼,0级22只眼.两组相比无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 下斜肌断腱术和下斜肌部分切除术都有效的解决了下斜肌亢进的V征问题,消除了垂直非共同性.     

伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征眼外肌病理学研究

目的:观察伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者及正常人下斜肌和内直肌的病理学改变。方法:将伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者6例术中切除的下斜肌及内直肌作为斜视组,行HE染色,光镜下观察病理学改变,并测量肌细胞的横截面积;角膜移植供体的下斜肌及内直肌（6例6眼）作为对照组。结果:斜视组下斜肌部分肌纤维轻度肥大增粗,粗细不等,排列紊乱,走形不规则,横纹结构欠清晰;可见部分肌纤维出现核内移现象,玻璃样变性及少量胶原纤维增生。肌纤维平均横截面积为854.1±64.8μm²,与对照组（719.7±80.4μm²）无显著性差异（P>0.05）。斜视组内直肌同样发生了病理改变。除了肌纤维走形不规则,横纹结构欠清晰,部分肌纤维出现核内移现象,玻璃样变性外,主要还表现为肌纤维减少,排列疏松、紊乱,间隙变大,胶原增生较明显。其肌纤维平均横截面积为324.9±63.3μm²,较对照组（690.8±67.3μm²）明显减小（P<0.05）。结论:斜视组功能亢进的下斜肌和弱侧内直肌均发生了明显的病理改变。     

Comparison of conventional and Hang-back methods of inferior oblique recession in V-pattern strabismus with inferior oblique overaction

AIM: To investigate the regulatory roles of the members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family in lacrimal gland dysfunction under conditions of desiccating stress or diabetes. METHODS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to examine the expression of PPARs in the cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian gland, and lacrimal gland in adult rats. The rats were divided into 3 groups: a control group, dry eye group, and diabetic group. The phenol red threads test, tear film break-up time (BUT) test and fluorescein staining were carried out to evaluate the development of dry eye. Based on bioinformatics research, qPCR was used to examine the expression level of PPARγ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-β (IL-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the lacrimal glands.RESULTS: PPARα and PPARβ/δ were mainly expressed in the conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland, respectively. However, PPARγ was expressed in both the conjunctiva and lacrimal gland, at much higher levels than those measured for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Dry eye rats and diabetic rats both showed decreased tear secretion, shortened BUT, and increased corneal staining. Significant changes in gene expression were observed compared with the control group. In the lacrimal glands of dry eye rats and diabetic rats, expression of PPARγ decreased (P<0.05), expression of Sirt1 also decreased (P<0.01), whereas expression of TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, MyD88, and TGF-β increased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Among PPARs, PPARγ might play a dominant role in the regulation of metabolic- and inflammatory-signaling pathways on the ocular surfaces and in lacrimal glands. Down-regulation of PPARγ is highly relevant to lacrimal gland dysfunction under desiccating-stress and diabetic conditions. PPARγ, thus, is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of environment- or diabetes-induced dry eye diseases.     

改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视

目的：探讨改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的疗效。方法对68例（106眼）伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视行改良下斜肌切除联合水平直肌后退及（或）缩短术,术后观察评价下斜肌功能、眼位及双眼单视功能。结果术后100眼（94.3%）下斜肌功能亢进消失、6眼（5.6%）下斜肌亢进、无下斜肌功能不足者。术前水平斜视角平均64.5△,术后9.2△,术前垂直斜视角平均15.8△,术后随访为2.2△,平均降低13.6△。术前7例（12.5%）有双眼单视功能,术后47例（73.5%）有不同程度的双眼单视功能。结论改良下斜肌切断术是伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的有效术式。     

Effectiveness of modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition for V-pattern exotropia combined with mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction

AIM: To investigate the effectiveness of a modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition for treatment of V-pattern exotropia combined with mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction. METHODS: Thirteen cases (23 affected eyes) of V-pattern exotropia with inferior oblique muscle overaction (+ or ++) who underwent the modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition procedure were retrospectively reviewed. The amount of V-pattern, grade of inferior oblique overaction, degree of vertical strabismus, abnormal head posture, and the fovea-disc angle were evaluated before and after surgery. RESULTS: The V-pattern was corrected in all cases, and the amount of V-pattern reduced by 17.85±5.13 prism diopter (PD) on average (t=16.07, P<0.001). The surgical cure rate for mild to moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction was 87.0% (20/23). The degree of the fovea-disc angle has a mean reduction of 5.45°±2.87° (t=3.95, P=0.003) after surgery. The mean vertical deviation in 5 cases with a small-angle hypertropia (5.23±3.06 PD) in the primary position reduced by 3.15±1.86 PD (t=6.10, P<0.001). No serious complications were observed. CONCLUSION: The modified inferior oblique muscle belly transposition procedure can effectively treat mild to moderate inferior oblique overaction and relieve the V-pattern, which is safe and easy to perform.     

Bilateral inferior insertion of lateral rectus muscles associated with schizencephaly

A 5-year-old boy with a large V-pattern exotropia is described. He has a background of congenital left hemiparesis associated with schizencephaly. At the time of surgery the lateral recti were found to be abnormally inferiorly positioned. Accordingly, both lateral rectus muscles were recessed 6.5 mm and supraplaced. A V-pattern exotropia persisted postoperatively with clinical overaction of the inferior obliques. To our knowledge this is the first known case of extraocular muscle abnormalities associated with schizencephaly.     

儿童V型外斜视手术前后双眼视觉功能变化观察

目的：：观察不同年龄组儿童V型外斜视手术前后双眼视觉功能变化及术后双眼视觉训练对术后双眼视觉建立的影响。方法：收集60例4~12岁V型外斜视患儿,按接受手术年龄分为三组：A组(4~6岁)、B组(7~9岁)、C组(10~12岁),每组20例。采用三棱镜加遮盖法及同视机检查33 cm及6 m处正前方及向上、向下注视的斜视度,以三棱镜度记录。同视机检查同时视、融合视,Titmus立体视图检查近立体视。对术后1 wk未能建立同时视功能的患儿给予双眼视觉训练,术后1,2,4,8 wk随访。结果：A、B 组手术前、后双眼视觉功能有明显差异(P<0.05)。术后1 wk C组较A、B组双眼视觉功能有显著性差异(P<0.05)。术后8wk 3组间双眼视觉功能无明显差异(P>0.05)。结论：早期手术矫正眼位正位,及术后积极有效的双眼视觉训练对于 V 型外斜视患者术后立体视的重建十分有利。