伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征眼外肌myogenin的研究

目的：：观察伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征患者下斜肌和内直肌中myogenin活性卫星细胞数量的变化,探讨伴有下斜肌功能亢进的外斜V征的可能发病原因。方法：将伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者6例中切除的下斜肌及内直肌作为斜视组,行myogenin免疫组织化学染色,统计myogenin阳性染色的卫星细胞核数;角膜移植供体的下斜肌及内直肌(6例)作为对照组。结果：斜视组和对照组下斜肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞数占总细胞数比例分别为(22.7±7.03)%和(4.2±0.75)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。斜视组和对照组内直肌中myogenin免疫染色阳性的肌卫星细胞数分别为(2.2±0.75)%和(4.5±1.05)%,具有统计学差异(P<0.05)。结论：首次报道伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜V征患者眼外肌中表达 myogenin 免疫染色阳性肌卫星细胞的变化。myogenin可能是伴有下斜肌功能亢进外斜 V 征的致病因素。     

下斜肌肌腹转位术治疗轻度下斜肌亢进伴小度数垂直斜视

目的：观察下斜肌肌腹转位(IOBT)术在单眼下斜肌轻度亢进伴小度数垂直斜视中的应用效果。

方法：回顾性分析2019-09/2021-08在我院行IOBT术的患者,纳入标准为单眼下斜肌轻度亢进(2+及以下),并伴有轻度非共同性垂直斜视(4～9PD)。水平斜视按照常规手术量和方式设计,同期单侧下斜肌亢进眼行单眼IOBT术。观察手术前后水平斜视度、垂直斜视度、侧方注视位垂直斜视度、黄斑视盘夹角及下斜肌亢进程度等。

结果：纳入病例共16例16眼,年龄4～39岁。1例为先天性内斜视术后5a,单眼上斜肌轻度麻痹继发下斜肌功能亢进,余15例均为原发性下斜肌功能亢进伴水平斜视。随访时间为3～6mo。术前和术后平均下斜肌亢进程度分级分别为+2.00(2.00,2.00)级和0.00(0.00,0.00)级(Z=-3.704,P<0.001),平均改善2.00(1.25,2.00)级; 水平斜视度从术前69.13±25.86PD减少到术后2.75±2.59PD(t=9.929,P<0.001); 第一眼位垂直斜视从术前7.44±1.32PD减少到术后1.00±1.21PD(t=22.335,P<0.001),平均矫正上斜视为6.44±1.15PD; 侧方注视垂直斜视从术前12.44±2.73PD减少到术后3.00±2.13PD,平均矫正9.44±2.73PD(t=13.819,P<0.001)。黄斑中心凹-视盘中心夹角度数(FDA)术前为-8.85°±6.53°,术后为-6.49°±7.01°(t=-2.384,P<0.001),平均减少2.36°。未见术后过矫及下斜肌功能不足等并发症。

结论：IOBT术对矫正单侧轻度下斜肌亢进伴小度数垂直斜视是安全有效的。     

下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜

目的:观察下斜肌前置移位治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)。方法:下斜肌前置移位于下直肌附着点颞侧前2mm或下直肌附着点颞侧成一直线处,同时矫正水平斜视。结果:患者8例11眼中,术前6眼DVD程度是1+,术后DVD消失;术前3眼DVD程度是2+,术后2眼垂直斜视消失,1眼DVD程度为1+;术前2眼DVD程度是3+,术后1眼DVD程度为1+,1眼为2+。所有患者下斜肌均不亢进。结论:下斜肌前置移位是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD的有效方式,无明显副作用。     

下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的矫正作用

目的 探讨下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的垂直分离性斜视(dissociated verticaldeviation,DVD)原在位垂直斜视的矫正作用.方法应用下斜肌转位术治疗34例(46只眼)伴有下斜肌亢进DVD患者的垂直斜视,18例合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正,手术前后测量原在位垂直斜视度及下斜肌亢进程度,并进行统计学比较.结果原在位垂直斜视度5m远距离平均矫正(13.57±9.74)PD(t=9.450,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.67,16.46)PD.33cm近距离平均矫正(13.28±9.98)PD(t=9.029,P<0.01),95%置信区间为(10.32,16.25)PD.下斜肌亢进程度从术前平均+2降至术后0(Wilcoxon符号秩检验,Z=5.957,P<0.01),差异均具有统计学意义.结论下斜肌转位术是治疗伴有下斜肌亢进DVD的有效手段.合并之下斜肌亢进同时得以消除.     

下斜肌前转位术治疗伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直斜视患儿的疗效

目的：探究下斜肌前转位(anterior transposition of inferior oblique muscle)对伴有下斜肌亢进(inferior oblique overaction,IOOA)的分离性垂直斜视(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)患儿的治疗效果及双眼不等量下斜肌转位术对伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD的疗效,为伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者提供更加有效的治疗方案。

方法：随机选取2014-01/2015-12在我院住院治疗的80例120眼伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者,均采用下斜肌前转位术对患者进行治疗。术后进行回访,回访时间为1～30mo,将患者手术前后远(5m)、近(33cm)距离原在位垂直斜度及IOOA程度进行比较,并对两者进行相关性分析; 对80例患者中采用双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者手术前后远(5m)、近(33cm)距离原在位垂直斜度及IOOA程度进行比较,并观察所有患者下斜肌前转位术后抑制上转综合征(antielevation syndrome,AES)的发病情况。

结果：患者术前5m平均三棱镜度(prism diopters,PD)为19.5±0.15PD,术后平均PD为3.5±0.18PD,5m原在位平均矫正16±0.21PD; 术前33cm平均PD为18.6±0.20PD,术后平均PD为4.5±0.26PD,33cm原在位平均矫正14.1±0.16PD,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。行下斜肌前转位术前下斜肌功能亢进+2和+3者各50眼,+1者20眼,术后有12眼仍表现为下斜肌功能亢进,但是亢进程度为+1。IOOA程度与原在位垂直斜度呈正相关,差异具有统计学意义(33cm：r=0.554,P<0.01; 5m：r=0.454,P<0.01)。20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者原在位DVD垂直斜度差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),IOOA程度明显降低。行下斜肌前转位术的患者术后18例24眼出现不同程度的AES,与行双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的20例30眼伴有IOOA的双眼不对称DVD患者发生AES比较,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。

结论：下斜肌前转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直斜视患者具有很好的治疗效果,但是术后AES发生率较高,而行双眼不等量下斜肌转位术进行治疗的患者术后AES发生率能够保持在较低水平。     

下斜肌减弱术治疗下斜肌亢进的临床分析

目的探讨下斜肌减弱手术不同方式治疗下斜肌亢进和V征的临床效果。方法下斜肌亢进122例160眼,包括原发下斜肌亢进20例37眼及继发下斜肌亢进102例123眼,采用不同手术方式,对其手术效果进行比较。结果122例中术前82例有代偿头位(67.21%)者,术后82例中代偿头位消失50例,好转28例,无效4例。下斜肌减弱术的手术方式:断腱术6眼;部分切除24眼;后徙80眼;前转位50眼。术前下斜肌亢进程度 1,21眼; 2,91眼; 3,42眼; 4,6眼;术后残留下斜肌 1,3眼;其余均得到矫正。术前V型斜视48例,术后V征消失38例,好转10例。单纯下斜肌减弱矫正原在位垂直斜度≤15△。结论下斜肌部分切除、后徙及前转位术矫正下斜肌亢进及V征同样安全有效。     

下斜肌后固定术在外斜V征中的应用

目的：探讨下斜肌后固定术（IOBT）在伴有轻中度下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视中的治疗效果。方法： 前瞻性研究。选择2018年1月至2020年4月在徐州市第一人民医院行IOBT 或者部分切除术的外斜 V征患者40例，按照随机数字表法将患者随机分为IOBT组和下斜肌部分切除术（IOMYE）组，各20 例。IOBT 组行双眼IOBT+水平斜视矫正术，IOMYE组行双眼IOMYE+水平斜视矫正术。比较2组手术前后水平斜视度（HD）、V值、黄斑视乳头夹角（FDA）及下斜肌功能（IOA）等变化情况。随访时间为6个月。数据采用配对样本t检验、独立样本t检验进行分析。结果：IOBT组17例（85%）治 愈，IOMYE组14例（70%）治愈。IOBT组手术前后FDA变化差异无统计学意义（t=1.313，P=0.205）。 2组间手术前后FDA、IOA、V值变化值的差异均有统计学意义（t=-11.788，P<0.001；t=-3.701， P=0.001；t=-8.519，P<0.001）。IOBT组术后无一例过矫为A征。IOMYE组6例V征过矫为A征，IOA 轻度不足8例。结论：IOBT术可安全、有效地治疗伴轻中度下斜肌亢进的外斜V征，是传统下斜肌减弱术的补充。     

Comparison of conventional and Hang-back methods of inferior oblique recession in V-pattern strabismus with inferior oblique overaction

AIM: To investigate the regulatory roles of the members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family in lacrimal gland dysfunction under conditions of desiccating stress or diabetes. METHODS: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to examine the expression of PPARs in the cornea, conjunctiva, meibomian gland, and lacrimal gland in adult rats. The rats were divided into 3 groups: a control group, dry eye group, and diabetic group. The phenol red threads test, tear film break-up time (BUT) test and fluorescein staining were carried out to evaluate the development of dry eye. Based on bioinformatics research, qPCR was used to examine the expression level of PPARγ, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-β (IL-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in the lacrimal glands.RESULTS: PPARα and PPARβ/δ were mainly expressed in the conjunctiva and the lacrimal gland, respectively. However, PPARγ was expressed in both the conjunctiva and lacrimal gland, at much higher levels than those measured for PPARα and PPARβ/δ. Dry eye rats and diabetic rats both showed decreased tear secretion, shortened BUT, and increased corneal staining. Significant changes in gene expression were observed compared with the control group. In the lacrimal glands of dry eye rats and diabetic rats, expression of PPARγ decreased (P<0.05), expression of Sirt1 also decreased (P<0.01), whereas expression of TNF-α, IL-β, IL-6, MyD88, and TGF-β increased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: Among PPARs, PPARγ might play a dominant role in the regulation of metabolic- and inflammatory-signaling pathways on the ocular surfaces and in lacrimal glands. Down-regulation of PPARγ is highly relevant to lacrimal gland dysfunction under desiccating-stress and diabetic conditions. PPARγ, thus, is a potential therapeutic target in the treatment of environment- or diabetes-induced dry eye diseases.     

先天性上斜肌麻痹其下斜肌病变程度的观察

目的:测量先天性上斜肌麻痹患者其下斜肌异常的程度。方法:采用临床横断面研究,自身配对对照设计。选取30例合并单眼上斜肌麻痹的外斜视(间歇性外斜视、恒定性外斜视)患者做双眼外直肌后退和下斜肌减弱等相应的垂直肌手术时,观察患者麻痹眼和非麻痹眼的下斜肌,测量下斜肌的紧张度。下斜肌的紧张度是以斜视钩垂直于巩膜勾出下斜肌,肌肉离开巩膜的最大距离表示。结果:麻痹眼的下斜肌粗细不等,但都比健眼下斜肌坚韧、紧绷。麻痹眼的下斜肌平均紧张度为6.33±1.35mm,非麻痹眼的下斜肌平均紧张度为7.76±0.81mm,两者的差异具有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:上斜肌麻痹时患眼的下斜肌紧张度较高、弹性较差。     

改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的V型斜视

目的：探讨改良下斜肌切断术治疗伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的疗效。方法对68例（106眼）伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视行改良下斜肌切除联合水平直肌后退及（或）缩短术,术后观察评价下斜肌功能、眼位及双眼单视功能。结果术后100眼（94.3%）下斜肌功能亢进消失、6眼（5.6%）下斜肌亢进、无下斜肌功能不足者。术前水平斜视角平均64.5△,术后9.2△,术前垂直斜视角平均15.8△,术后随访为2.2△,平均降低13.6△。术前7例（12.5%）有双眼单视功能,术后47例（73.5%）有不同程度的双眼单视功能。结论改良下斜肌切断术是伴下斜肌功能亢进的 V 型斜视的有效术式。     

Results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique

Purpose: We present the results of anterior transposition of the inferior oblique in a series of patients with inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation (DVD).
Patients and methods: We performed a retrospective study of 37 procedures on 21 patients who had unilateral or bilateral inferior oblique anterior transpositions. Before surgery, patients had +1 to +3 inferior oblique overaction and +1 (< 10 PD) or +2 (10 PD-20 PD) degree of DVD. The inferior oblique insertion was transposed to between 2 mm posterior to and 2 mm anterior to the temporal border of the inferior rectus insertion. Mean follow-up period was 27 months.
Results: Incidence of inferior oblique overaction of +2 or more was reduced from 84% before surgery to 16% at last postoperative assessments. Some 43% of eyes had no inferior oblique overaction and 86% had an improvement in the degree of inferior oblique overaction. At last assessments, 57% of eyes had no evidence of DVD and 68% of eyes had no evidence of DVD or an improvement in the degree of DVD. No patient who had unilateral anterior transposition developed hypotropia in primary position and there was no evidence of inferior oblique underaction in any patient at last assessment. Three patients requiring repeat inferior oblique surgery are discussed, including one patient who developed a large Y-pattern exotropia after bilateral anterior transposition of the inferior obliques.
Conclusions: Inferior oblique anterior transposition has a place in the treatment of coexistent inferior oblique overaction and dissociated vertical deviation.     

三种下斜肌转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视疗效观察

目的观察三种下斜肌转位术治疗分离性垂直斜视的手术疗效,探讨治疗DVD的最佳手术方法。方法伴有下斜肌功能亢进的DVD患者75例,根据手术方式分为3组:单纯下斜肌转位术组、下斜肌截除联合转位术组、下斜肌截除联合前徙并转位术组。观察3组术后1个月、3个月及6个月的眼位、下斜肌运动、代偿头位及并发症情况。结果 3组患者术后下斜肌亢进均消失;代偿头位均不同程度改善;单纯下斜肌转位术组和下斜肌截除联合转位术组术后效果良好者23例(92%)、下斜肌截除联合前徙并转位术组术后效果良好者24例(96%),3组间疗效无明显差异,P<0.05。单纯下斜肌转位术无明显的睑裂变化及上转受限,而联合截除术式有少部分患者出现睑裂变小和眼球上转受限。结论单纯下斜肌转位术可矫正15△~25△的垂直斜视,且术后眼球上转受限和睑裂变化也不明显,是伴有下斜肌功能亢进DVD的首选方法。     

共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视与斜肌功能异常的关系

目的探讨共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视与斜肌功能异常的关系。方法 回顾性病例研究。2008年至2013年在四川大学华西医院眼科接受手术治疗的26例共同性内斜视术后继发性外斜视患者纳入研究,分析斜肌功能异常在发病因素中的作用。结果 26例中14例发生了新发的斜肌功能异常,包括上斜肌功能亢进8例次、下斜肌功能不足2例次、下斜肌功能亢进6例次、上斜肌功能不足3例次。继发性外斜合并A-V征的8例,其中合并A征5例,V征3例。结论 共同性内斜视术后发生的继发性外斜视可能与未矫正或新出现的斜肌功能异常相关。     

伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜的手术疗效分析

目的分析下斜肌转位术对伴有下斜肌亢进的分离性垂直偏斜(dissociated vertical deviation,DVD)的矫正效果。方法回顾性分析我科行下斜肌转位术的24例(30眼)伴有下斜肌亢进的DVD患者的完整资料,并根据术前原在位垂直斜度将患者分为小度数、中等度数和大度数组,比较下斜肌转位术对各组近距离(33cm)和远距离(5m)原在位垂直斜度矫正效果。所有患者下斜肌固定于下直肌颞侧缘外的浅层巩膜,与下直肌附着点位于同一水平线上。合并水平斜视者同期手术矫正。结果近距离小度数DVD组、中等度数DVD组、大度数DVD组治愈率分别为100%、0、0;3组有效率分别为92.3%、7.7%、0;3组无效率分别为41.7%、25.0%、33.3%;远距离时各组治愈率分别为100%、0、0;3组有效率分别为92.9%、7.1%、0;3组无效率分别为25.0%、50.0%、25.0%;无论是近距离还是远距离,下斜肌转位术对小度数和中等度数DVD组的原在位垂直斜度矫正效果明显优于大度数DVD组,差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.05),小度数和中等度数DVD组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论下斜肌转位术对小度数DVD组(≤10△)和中等度数DVD组(11△～19△)近距离和远距离原在位垂直斜度的矫正效果明显优于大度数DVD组(≥20△)。     

Anterior transposition compared to graded recession of the inferior oblique muscle for V-pattern strabismus

OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of anterior transposition (AT) and graded recession (GR) in the treatment of V- pattern strabismus caused by overaction of the inferior oblique muscle. METHODS: The charts of surgically treated cases of V-pattern strabismus were analyzed retrospectively and the patients classified as AT or GR. Age, initial horizontal deviation, initial V-pattern and the amount of V-pattern correction were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in age (p = 0.066), initial horizontal deviation (p = 0.59), initial V-pattern (p = 0.15) or the amount of V-pattern correction (p = 0.78) between the two groups. CONCLUSION: AT is at least as effective as GR in the treatment of V-pattern strabismus caused by overaction of the inferior oblique muscle.     

Surgical stress and cytoskeletal changes in lens epithelial cells following manual and femtosecond laser-assisted capsulotomy

AIM: To study the effect of mechanical stress on the cytoskeleton in lens epithelial cells following conventional phacoemulsification surgery (CPS) and femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). METHODS: The cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells of the anterior lens capsules (ALC) removed by CPS and FLACS was examined by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the intermediate filament, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and glutamine synthetase (GS) immunoreactivity were detected. In order to map the actin network of cells, fluorescently labeled phalloidin was used. The samples were examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS: GFAP expression was visible in a larger number of the epithelial cells after CPS compared to FLACS. In CPS sample’s epithelial cells, GFAP immunoreactivity indicated robust morphological change. Regarding the actin filaments, the presence of tubular elements connecting epithelial cells, regular actin pattern and marked cortical network after CPS were found. Following FLACS, the actin cytoskeleton of the epithelial cells remained densely structured, and the tubular elements were undetectable, however, the above-mentioned regular actin pattern and the marked cortical network were visible. CONCLUSION: The conventional removal of the ALC induces more robust changes of the cytoskeleton of the lens epithelial cells.     

DVD与下斜肌功能过强手术的临床探讨

目的 探讨下斜肌功能过强者采取下斜肌减弱手术的疗效。方法 采取下斜肌减弱手术(截断或切除5～8mm)83例117眼。结果 117眼下斜肌减弱手术，下斜肌功能过强89眼，76眼完全矫正，13眼不同程度改善，其中下斜肌截断15眼，2眼未完全矫正；下斜肌切除5～8mm68眼，11眼未完全矫正。垂直分离性斜视(DVD)28眼，4眼未完全矫正。术前代偿头位32例，28例完全改善，余4例不同程度改善。结论 认真检查或观察斜视度，采取下斜肌减弱手术，均可矫正不同程度的斜视度。     

下斜肌转位术与下斜肌切断术治疗斜视V征的比较

目的 比较下斜肌转位术(AT)与下斜肌切断术在治疗下斜肌功能亢进引起的斜视V征的作用.方法 回顾性分析行下斜肌转位术治疗的伴有下斜肌功能亢进,同时合并分离垂直性斜视(DVD)的28例斜视V征患者,术前下斜肌功能亢进程度为+1～+3,V征差值不超过30PD,根据双眼下斜肌功能亢进对称性以及双眼或单眼行下斜肌转位术,分为双眼AT组(15例)和单眼AT组(13例),与历史同期行下斜肌切断术治疗的伴有下斜肌功能亢进,不合并DVD的28例斜视V征患者进行非随机埘照研究,对照组根据下斜肌功能亢进对称性及双眼行对称或非对称下斜肌切断术,相应地分为对照1组(15例)和对照2组(13例),分别测最手术前后V征筹值,比较手术矫正V征差值并进行统计学分析.结果 双眼AT组平均矫正V征差值(15.67±4.03)三棱镜度(PD),对照1组平均矫正(15.20±3.51)PD,两组差异无统计学意义(t=0.338,P＞0.05);单眼AT组平均矫正v征差值(14.69±3.71)PD,对照2组平均矫正(14.00±3.94)PD,两组差异无统计学意义(t=0.462,P＞0.05).结论 下斜肌转位术与下斜肌切断术治疗下斜肌功能亢进引起的V征斜视疗效无差别.     

Comparison of inferior oblique muscle weakening by anterior transposition or myectomy: a prospective study of 20 cases

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Among the various weakening techniques of inferior oblique muscle overaction, the most commonly used techniques include myectomy, recession, and anterior transposition. Anterior transposition and myectomy were compared to evaluate the surgical results in inferior oblique overaction. METHODS: 20 children with bilateral +3 overacting inferior oblique muscles underwent a prospective randomised study by which the anterior transposition procedure in one eye was compared with the myectomy procedure in the other eye. RESULTS: Postoperative follow up averaged 2 years. The success rates in two surgical procedures were 85% for the anterior transposition and 25% for the myectomy (standard of success was based on zero inferior oblique overaction). In only one case did the anterior transposition tend to limit the elevation of the eye in the midline, adduction, and abduction. Anterior transposition produced hypotropia at the primary position in only one case. Most eyes that underwent myectomy (75%) showed apparent residual overaction. CONCLUSION: The anterior transposition appeared to be more effective in eliminating the overaction of inferior oblique muscle than the myectomy.     

Transposición del vientre del oblicuo inferior sin desinserción en el tratamiento de la hipertropia en aducción

PurposeTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of inferior oblique muscle transposition and myopexy in patients with mild/moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction, with or without diplopia.MethodWe retrospectively analysed data for the 12 patients who underwent the technique. Data were collected from October 2018 to September 2021. Surgery was performed by suturing the inferior oblique belly to the sclera at 5 mm posterior to the temporal end of the inferior rectus. All 12 patients had mild hypertropia (≤ 6 prism diopters [pd]) in primary position and mild/moderate inferior oblique overaction. Mean preoperative hypertropia was 4.42 pd ± 1.62. Diplopia was recorded in 10 cases. The diagnoses were fourth nerve paresis (9), unilateral primary inferior oblique overaction (2) and dissociated vertical deviation (1). Torticollis was observed in 7 cases, 2 had subjective torsion and 2 objective torsion.ResultsMean age was 46.86 ± 25.1 years (50%: men). Diplopia resolved in 9 of the 10 cases. The mean final vertical deviation was 1.5 ± 2.93 (P = .001) pd in straight gaze. Of 7 mild overshoot in adduction, it disappeared in 3 and 4 remained the same. Of 5 moderate overshoot in adduction, 2 improved to mild and 3 disappeared. Torticollis was eliminated in 5 patients and improved in another 2. Mean time from surgery was 14.08 ± 8.05 months. There were no overcorrections.ConclusionsInferior oblique muscle transposition with myopexy is a safe and effective procedure in patients with mild-to-moderate inferior oblique muscle overaction and small-angle hypertropia, with or without diplopia.