Hacia el buen gobierno por la salud: incorporación de la diversidad de percepciones en salud urbana

ObjectiveTo analyse the similarities and differences in the discourse surrounding the conceptualisation of health and the perceived health assets and needs in the neighborhoods and city of Bilbao in a participatory process.MethodParticipatory workshops were held with professionals, neighbors and associated citizens. The differences in perceptions of the three content blocks were analysed on the basis of the health model referred, as well as the typologies —of a more individual or structural nature— of identified health needs and assets.ResultsThe conceptualisation of health from a biopsychosocial perspective was clearer among professionals, although both profiles pointed to the importance of its social determinants. The formulation of needs and assets in health by the neighbors was made from the impact on their daily life and from a position of users with respect to a service provider administration. Among the associated citizens and professionals, intermediate and structural determinants were more frequently mentioned, as well as issues related to the administration's scope of action.ConclusionsThe inclusion of the multiplicity and diversity of perceptions in planning is key to good local government for health. To address their contradictions, a commitment by governments to effectively incorporate citizen participation is needed.     

论新时代医疗保险公法人治理体制的创新——基于多中心治理理论

本文基于多中心治理理论检视发现，现行的医疗保险运行机制存在基本医疗保险基金所有权与管理权分离、医疗保险政策改革只能"做加法"不能"做减法"，其他相关利益主体缺位、改革无法满足多方诉求，医保经办主体动力和能力不足等问题。这些问题不仅导致医疗保险制度的可持续性面临严峻挑战，而且与实现全民统一医疗保险制度的目标渐行渐远。因此，在新时代背景下，为了构建权责清晰、保障适度、可持续发展的医疗保险制度，本文提出创新医疗保险公法人治理体制，完善中国特色医疗保险治理体系，同时推进社会保险公法人治理机制的创新，促进政府、市场与社会之间的协同与配合，最终实现推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的伟大目标。     

中国抗生素耐药性治理的政策演变及启示

目的:本研究系统梳理了我国在不同时期实施的抗生素耐药性治理,分析政策的演变历程和原因,旨在为下一步政策制定提供启示。方法:在国家卫生健康委员会等相关部委的官方网站上,系统检索有关抗生素耐药性问题的政策文件,提取关键信息并梳理政策内容与时间节点,归纳和总结中国为应对抗生素耐药性问题所采取的政策和行动。结果:中国抗生素耐药性治理的政策演变过程可划分为三个阶段:以药品管控为主要治理策略的第一阶段,以临床监测为主要治理手段的第二阶段,多领域参与的全面治理策略的第三阶段。结论:为进一步解决抗生素耐药性问题,中国应加强社区感染控制和抗生素合理使用,加强对农业和环境领域的耐药性治理,建立基于"One Health"框架下的跨部门、跨学科合作平台,并加大抗生素替代药品的研发力度。     

Integrating multiple-domain rules for disease classification

In psychiatry, clinicians use criteria sets from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders to diagnose mental disorders. Most criteria sets have several symptom domains, and in order to be diagnosed, an individual must meet the minimum number of symptoms required by each domain. Some efforts are now focused on adding biomarkers to these symptom domains to facilitate the detection of and highlight the neurobiological basis of psychiatric disorders. Thus, a new criteria set may consist of both clinical symptom counts in several domains and continuous biomarkers. In this paper, we propose a method to integrate classification rules from multiple data sources to estimate an optimal criteria set. Each domain-specific rule can be counts of symptoms, a linear function of symptoms, or even nonparametric. The overall classification rule is the intersection of these domain-specific rules. Based on examining the expected population loss function, we propose two iterative algorithms using either support vector machines or logistic regression to fit intersection rules consistent with the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. In simulation studies, these proposed methods are comparable with the true decision rule. The methods are applied to the motivating study to construct a criteria set for complicated grief. The developed criteria set shows a substantial improvement in sensitivity and specificity compared to the current standards on an independent validation study.     

Health workforce governance and oral health: Diversity and challenges in Europe

Throughout the life course, oral diseases are some of the most common non-communicable diseases globally, and in Europe. Human resources for oral health are fundamental to healthcare systems in general and dentistry is no exception. As political and healthcare systems change, so do forms of governance. The aim of this paper is to examine human resources for oral health in Europe, against a workforce governance framework, using England as a case study. The findings suggest that neo-liberalist philosophies are leading to multiple forms of soft governance at professional, system, organisational and individual levels, most notably in England, where there is no longer professional self-regulation. Benefits include professional regulation of a wider cadre of human resources for oral health, reorientation of care towards evidence-informed practice including prevention, and consideration of care pathways for patients. Across Europe there has been significant professional collaboration in relation to quality standards in the education of dentists, following transnational policies permitting freedom of movement of health professionals; however, the distribution of dentists is inequitable. Challenges include facilitating employment of graduates to serve the needs and demands of the population in certain countries, together with governance of workforce production and migration across Europe. Integrated trans-European approaches to monitoring mobility and governance are urgently required.     

The role of National Immunization Technical Advisory Groups (NITAG) in strengthening health system governance: Lessons from three middle-income countries—Argentina,Jordan, and South Africa (2017–2018)

IntroductionToward the Global Vaccine Action Plan 2020 goal, almost 90% of countries have established a National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG). However, little is known about NITAG's contributions to governance.MethodsIn 2017–2018, a two-step, qualitative retrospective study was conducted. Jordan (JO), Argentina (AR), and South Africa (SA) were selected owing to government-financed NITAGs from middle-income countries (MICs), geographic diversity, and a vaccine introduction with NITAG support. Country case studies were developed, collecting data through desk review and face-to-face key informant interviews (KIIs) from Ministry of Health (MoH) and NITAG. Case studies were analyzed together, to assess governance applying the European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies framework focusing on transparency, accountability, participation, integrity, and policy capacity (TAPIC).ResultsDocument review and 53 KII (22 AR, 20 SA, 11 JO) showed NITAGs played a pivotal role as advisors promoting a culture of evidence-informed policies. NITAGs strengthened governance, although practices varied among countries. Meetings were conducted behind-closed-doors, participation restricted to members, only in one country agendas, and recommendations were public (AR). To increase participation, policy capacity, and transparency, countries considered adding experts in communications, advocacy, and economics. AR and SA contemplated including community members. NITAGs functioned autonomously from the government, with no established internal or external monitoring or supervision. NITAG meeting minutes allowed the review of integrity, adherence to terms of reference, standard operating procedures, and conflict of interest (CoI). For the most part, NITAGs abided by their mandates. Significant issues were related to the level of MoH support and oversight of CoI declaration and documentation.ConclusionsSystematically implementing governance approaches could improve processes, better tailor policies, and implementation. The long-term survival and resilience of NITAGs in these countries showed they play a significant role in strengthening governance. Lessons learned could be useful to those promoting country-driven evidence-informed decision-making.     

Taking stock of Roma health policies in Spain: Lessons for health governance

Roma health inequities are a wicked problem. Despite concerted efforts to reduce them under the Decade of Roma Inclusion initiative, the health gap between Roma and non-Roma populations in Europe persists. To address this problem, the European Commission devised the National Roma Integration Strategies (NRIS). This paper provides a critical assessment of the implementation of the NRIS’ health strand (NRIS-H) in Spain and proposes an evaluation tool to monitor Roma health policies – the Roma Health Integration Policy Index (RHIPEX). It also makes recommendations to promote Roma health governance. To achieve these goals, four community forums, 33 stakeholder interviews and a scoping review were conducted.Results show that the NRIS-H implementation is hindered by lack of political commitment and poor resource allocation. This has a negative impact on Roma’s entitlement to healthcare and on their participation in decision-making processes, jeopardising the elimination of the barriers that undermine their access to healthcare and potentially contributing to reproduce inequalities. These unintended effects point out the need to rethink Roma health governance by strengthening intersectional and intersectoral policies, enabling transformative Roma participation in policymaking and guaranteeing shared socio-political responsibility and accountability.     

PredyCLU: A prediction system for chronic leg ulcers based on fuzzy logic; part II—Exploring the arterial side

Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and its most severe form, critical limb ischaemia (CLI), are very common clinical conditions related to atherosclerosis and represent the major causes of morbidity, mortality, disability, and reduced quality of life (QoL), especially for the onset of ischaemic chronic leg ulcers (ICLUs) and the subsequent need of amputation in affected patients. Early identification of patients at risk of developing ICLUs may represent the best form of prevention and appropriate management. In this study, we used a Prediction System for Chronic Leg Ulcers (PredyCLU) based on fuzzy logic applied to patients with PAD. The patient population consisted of 80 patients with PAD, of which 40 patients (30 males [75%] and 10 females [25%]; mean age 66.18 years; median age 67.50 years) had ICLUs and represented the case group. Forty patients (100%) (27 males [67.50%] and 13 females [32.50%]; mean age 66.43 years; median age 66.50 years) did not have ICLUs and represented the control group. In patients of the case group, the higher was the risk calculated with the PredyCLU the more severe were the clinical manifestations recorded. In this study, the PredyCLU algorithm was retrospectively applied on a multicentre population of 80 patients with PAD. The PredyCLU algorithm provided a reliable risk score for the risk of ICLUs in patients with PAD.     

中医证候理论内蕴的数学逻辑关系研究——兼论“证素”研究的伪命题特征

通过研究中医证候理论中的数学逻辑关系发现,辨证过程中作为判定证候的3个基本要素的病因（a）、病位（b）、病性（c）和证候（z）之间存在着f（z）=a＋b＋c的数学逻辑关系,证候（z）与症状（zi）之间的数学逻辑关系是f（z）= z1＋z2＋z3＋?＋zi,证候的复杂性体现出的明显特征是症状构成数量的多少。辨证过程中症状与病因、病位和病性以及证候之间的数学逻辑关系式为z1＋z2＋z3＋?＋zi =a＋b＋c= f（z）,但是证候的全集则表现出的是点集拓扑结构的非线性关系。经计算,中医79个主要单一证候共有6.5×105多种不同的存在形式,一定范围内证候群的数量约有6.6×10100个左右,这个超级巨大的数据“古戈尔”可能是中医证候复杂性的根结所在。结果表明,“证素”研究所以运用的贝叶斯网络、神经网络等算法以及双层频权剪叉算法,与证候理论内蕴的数学逻辑关系风马牛不相及,因此“证素”是中医基础理论研究中的伪命题特征,其建立起的以“证素”为核心的辨证方法是“虚构”的,根本不符合中医理论内在规律和临床实际。