C反应蛋白测定在小儿败血症中的应用

目的　本研究的目的在了解C反应蛋白的 (CRP)测定对于小儿败血症的诊断价值。方法　连续选取2 0例白细胞总数不高的小儿败血症患者 ,作回顾性研究对象。比较其治疗前和治疗后 7～ 1 0d后疾病的痊愈或明显好转时CRP水平 ,并与体温、白细胞分类结果进行比较。结果　治疗后CRP水平 (0 57± 0 68μg/ml)显著低于治疗前水平 (5 90± 3 57μg/ml) ,P <0 0 0 1 ;治疗前CRP的阳性率为 1 0 0 % ,显著高于嗜中性粒细胞比率 >75 %的阳性率 (30 % )和体温高于 37 5℃的阳性率 (30 % ) ,P <0 0 0 5。结论　CRP可以作为一种反映细菌感染的敏感指标 ,有助于不典型小儿败血症的诊断和疗效观察。     

Fluconazole dosing in continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVHF): need for a high daily dose of 800 mg

To cover intermediate sensitive Candida glabrata in ICU patients,fluconazole plasma peak levels at least in the range of 16–32µg/ml appear necessary for treatment. Previous studiesdid not reach these fluconazole levels under continuous veno-venoushaemofiltration (CVVHF) with dosages of 200–600 mg fluconzoledaily. In the present study, nine patients simultaneously requiringCVVHF for treatment of acute oligoanuric renal failure and antimycotictherapy of Candida septicemia received fluconazole 800 mg/day.Fluconazole plasma levels were determined to evaluate whetherthis dosage is adequate to reach the advised fluconazole levels.Patients were dialysed on two consecutive days with an ultrafiltrationrate (UF) of 1000 ml/h or 2000 ml/h, respectively, in a randomizedorder. The predilution was 800 ml/h and 1800 ml/h, respectively.The treatment was tolerated without adverse effects. All patientsreached plasma fluconazole concentrations between 16 and 32µg/ml, remaining in this range for a minimum of 1 up to24 h with a mean of 9.6 h and a UF rate of 2000 ml/h, and 15.7h with a UF rate of 1000 ml/h. So far, there are no in vivodata on the fluconazole plasma concentrations required for effectivetreatment. However, our data demonstrate, that at least thefluconazole concentrations desirable on the basis of in vitrosusceptibility testing can be reached in critically ill patientson CVVHF in an ICU setting. However, in these patients, 800mg fluconazole/day are necessary to achieve fungicidal drugconcentrations.     

Role of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor as adjunct therapy for septicemia in children with acute leukemia

The granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) has been shown to accelerate recovery from severe neutropenia and to decrease the incidence of documented infections after intensive chemotherapy in cancer patients. However, the routine prophylactic use of G-CSF is expensive. This study was conducted to determine the role of G-CSF as adjunct therapy for septicemia following neutropenia caused by chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia. Fifty consecutive episodes of septicemia were studied involving 34 episodes of Gram-negative, 7 episodes of Gram-positive, 5 episodes of polymicrobial bacterial septicemia, one episode of fungemia, and 3 episodes of disseminated fungal infection. In the first 25 episodes, G-CSF was not used (group A). For the next 16 episodes, G-CSF 200 μg per square meter per day subcutaneously was given immediately after the septicemia was documented until the absolute neutrophil count was maintained at more than 1,500 per cubic millimeter (group B). Thereafter, G-CSF at the same dose as that of group B was prophylactically used in all the children who received high-dose cytosine arablnc-side-containing regimens. Nine episodes of septicemia occurred (group C). The incidences of mortality per episode of septicemia in groups A, B, and C were 12.0% (3/25), 12.5% (2/16) and 0% (0/9), respectively. Statistically, there was no difference between the three groups overall and in pair-wise comparisons (all P > 0.5). The durations of G-CSF administration in group B ranged from 6 to 26 days with a median of 12 days and the durations of G-CSF administration in group C ranged from 10 to 23 days with a median of 19 days. With or without G-CSF, there may be no significant difference in the mortality of septicemia following neutropenia caused by chemotherapy in children with acute leukemia.     

Experimental study of the role of the local infectious focus in development ofPseudomonas aeruginosa septicemia

Department of Pathological Anatomy, Clinical-Biological Laboratory, and Laboratory of Immunology, Bacteriology, and Clinical Pharmacology, A. V. Vishnevskii Institute of Surgery, Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR, Moscow. (Presented by Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR D. S. Sarkisov.) Translated from Byulleten' Éksperimental'noi Biologii i Meditsiny, Vol. 111, No. 3, pp. 285–287, March, 1991.     

脓毒症和脓毒性休克大鼠一些脏器内皮素-1和内皮素A受体基因表达的变化

目的 :探讨实验动物脓毒症和脓毒性休克时内皮素 - 1(endothelin- 1,ET- 1)和内皮素 A受体 (ETAR)基因在肺、肾和小肠粘膜中的表达情况以及各脏器功能受损情况。方法 :2 4只雄性大鼠随机分为正常组、对照组、脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组 ;通过持续静脉泵注大肠杆菌内毒素 (L PS)复制大鼠脓毒症和脓毒性休克模型 ;运用反转录 -聚合酶链反应 (RT- PCR)以葡萄糖- 6 -磷酸脱氢酶 (G- 6 - PD)基因为内参照基因 ,分别检测脓毒症和脓毒性休克组肺、肾脏和小肠粘膜组织 ET- 1和 ETAR基因表达情况 ,同时检测其血清丙氨酸转氨酶 (AL T)、白蛋白 (A )、尿素氮 (BU N)、肌酐 (Cr)和动脉血气的变化。结果 :脓毒症和脓毒性休克组大鼠脏器组织 ET- 1和 ETAR基因表达产物较正常组和对照组均明显增加 (P <0 .0 1) ;脓毒性休克组大鼠血清AL T、BUN和 Cr较正常组、对照组和脓毒症组均显著上升 (P<0 .0 1) ,脓毒症组上述指标也较正常组明显上升 (P<0 .0 1) ;脓毒症组和脓毒性休克组早期动脉血气分析为低氧和呼吸性碱中毒 ,脓毒性休克组后期出现明显的低氧血症和 CO2 潴留。 结论 :ET- 1和 ETAR参与了脓毒症和脓毒性休克的病理生理过程 ,且很可能是参与脓毒症和脓毒性休克并发多脏器功能障碍综合征 (MODS)启动的因子之一。     

新生儿败血症107例临床分析

目的：对新生儿败血症进行早期诊断,减少并发症,降低病死率。方法：对我院近10年来107例血培养阳性患儿的临床资料进行分析。结果：新生儿败血症临床表现无特殊性,并发症多,未梢血象、C反应蛋白均不能作为诊断依据。血培养仍是确诊的主要手段,但阳性率不高。病原菌以金黄色葡萄球菌（24．29％）为主,四联球菌（21．50％）为次,机会菌感染占50．46％。病死率以鼠伤寒沙门氏菌、大肠杆菌所致为高,分别是43．75％、33．33％。目前病原菌普遍敏感的抗生素有头孢唑啉、头孢哌酮、丁胺卡那霉素、万古霉素。结论：对拟诊病例开展L型血培养,以提高诊断率。早期应用敏感抗素控制感染,积极防治并发症,减少病死率。     

L型细菌败血症病儿的诊治

①目的　探讨小儿Ｌ型细菌败血症（ＳＢＬ）的诊断与治疗。②方法　对我院收治临床疑有败血症而普通培养无细菌生长的病儿进行高渗细菌培养,做药敏试验并用敏感抗生素进行治疗。③结果　共确定Ｌ型细菌败血症４６ 例,对其中３６ 株进行药物敏感试验。结果表明,青霉素类抗生素极不敏感,而大环内酯类、氨基甙类、先锋霉素Ｖ 等药物对Ｌ型细菌敏感性高。使用相应抗生素辅以支持疗法,治愈３９例,未愈５例,２ 例死于原发病。④结论　临床普通培养阴性而疑有败血症病儿,应做普通及高渗双份血培养以发现Ｌ型细菌,应用敏感抗生素治疗可取得满意疗效。     

免疫学测定在细菌L型败血症诊断中的意义

目的 :探讨红细胞补体受体 1(ECR1)花结率、红细胞免疫复合物 (EIC)花结率、金黄色葡萄球菌 (金葡菌 )抗体及红细胞沉降率 (ESR)测定在细菌L型败血症诊断中的意义。方法 :按郭峰改良法测定ECR1和EIC花结率 ,试管凝集法测定金葡菌抗体 ,常规法测定ESR。结果 :临床及细菌学诊断为细菌L型败血症患者组的ECR1花结率 (11.1± 7.89) %较健康对照组低 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;EIC花结率 (10 .98± 4.99) %较健康对照组高 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;金葡菌抗体 (lg 2 .4± 0 .2 )较健康对照组增高 (P <0 .0 0 1) ;ESR(33.0 9± 2 .92 )mm/ 6 0min较健康对照组快 (P <0 .0 0 1)。结论 :ECR1花结率、EIC花结率、金葡菌抗体及ESR的指标可辅助快速诊断细菌L型败血症。     

37例新生儿耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌败血症研究

目的 探讨耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)在新生儿败血症中的分布状况、耐药特征，为临床治疗提供参考。方法 按常规培养，应用WalkAway40型仪进行菌种鉴定并对13种抗菌药物进行药敏试验。结果 血培养98株细菌中分离出葡萄球菌78株，其中MRCNS37株(47．44％，37／78)，表皮葡萄球菌16株(43．24％，16／37)，溶血葡萄球菌9株(24.32％，9／37)。MRCNS对12种抗菌药物均有不同程度耐药，未发现耐万古霉素的MRCNS。结论 新生儿MRCNS败血症已属常见，临床治疗较困难，应积极采取措施预防和控制感染。     

基于危重新生儿协作网中重庆5家三级甲等医院危重新生儿数据分析

目的 基于危重新生儿协作网（简称数据库）的数据,反映危重新生儿的诊治现状,为提高诊疗水平提供帮助。方法 数据库上报小早产儿、新生儿败血症、坏死性小肠结肠炎(NEC)、有创和无创机械通气治疗时间≥4 h的新生儿,且在上报医院住院时间≥24 h。根据上述4种疾病情况,设置一般信息、围生期情况、动脉导管未闭、神经系统、早产儿视网膜病变、氧气支持或呼吸机治疗、新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征（NRDS）、感染、炎性指标、抗感染治疗、NEC、转归11个模块用于分析,协作医院均安排专人负责数据的收集及录入和审核,并行统一培训。结果 2013年1月至2014年9月数据库纳入重庆5家三级甲等协作医院1 501例危重新生儿,小早产儿435例(29.0%),新生儿败血症814例(542%),NEC 343例(228%),有创和无创机械通气治疗时间≥4 h新生儿742例(494%),总体存活率为752%(1 129/1 501)。出生体重＜750 g、~999 g、~1 249 g、~1 499 g、≥1 500 g小早产儿存活率分别为500%（3/6）、565%（13/23）、654%（53/81）、749%（131/175）和820%（123/150）; ＜27、27~、28~、29~、30~、31~和≥32孕周的小早产儿存活率分别为231%（3/13）、650%（13/20）、694%（26/36）、712%（52/73）、718%（61/85）、809%（89/110）和816%（80/98）。315例（724%）小早产儿行头颅B超检查,其中生后3 d内完成检查占 453%（197例）。264（607%)使用机械通气,163例有创机械通气,101例单纯nCPAP。217例（499%）小早产儿发生NRDS。165/217例(760%)使用PS。74/813例（91%）使用碳青霉烯类抗生素时间>2周,预防与非预防使用碳青霉烯类抗生素存活率分别为889% (16/18),875%(42/48),差异无统计学意义（χ2=0024,P=1000）。数据库上报的1 501例病例中NEC 343例（229%）,174例在腹胀10 d内能做出NEC诊断,313例行腹部X线片检查,仅有44例描述具有确诊意义的X线征象（肠壁积气、肠穿孔和肝门积气）。742例（494%）接受机械通气治疗,单纯无创机械通气180例,有创机械通气562例,无创机械通气和有创机械通气总体并发症发生率分别为11%（2/180）和174%（98/562）。结论 危重新生儿协作网对了解和提高中国危重新生儿诊疗水平有积极的探索性意义。危重新生儿诊治在3 d内行头颅B超检查、无创通气和践行气管插管-使用PS-拔管使用CPAP技术等方面需要进一步加强。