阿片类药物用于抑制气管内插管副反应时合理给药时机优于药物种类和剂量的选择

已经证明芬太尼能很好地抑制气管插管的心血管副反应。舒芬太尼是芬太尼的N-4噻吩基衍生物,与阿片受体的亲和力较芬太尼强,镇痛作用是芬太尼的10倍,而且作用持续时间也更长。瑞芬太尼是一种新型μ阿片受体激动剂,具有起效迅速、作用时间短、镇痛作用与芬太尼近似、恢复迅速、无     

Comparison of remifentanil versus regional anaesthesia in children anaesthetised with isoflurane/nitrous oxide. International Remifentanil Paediatric Anaesthesia Study group

We compared the efficacy and safety of a remifentanil (0.25 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1)-based balanced anaesthetic technique with a bupivacaine-based regional anaesthetic technique in an open label, multicentre study in 271 ASA physical status 1 or 2 children aged 1-12 years. Subjects requiring major intra-abdominal, urological or orthopaedic surgery were randomly allocated to receive either intravenous remifentanil (group R; n = 185) or epidural bupivacaine (group B; n = 86) with isoflurane/nitrous oxide for their anaesthesia. The majority of children in both groups (85% in group R, 78% in group B) showed no defined response to skin incision, and although the mean increase in systolic blood pressure (+11 mm Hg) was significantly greater in group R than in group B, this change did not represent a serious haemodynamic disturbance. More children in group R (31%) required interventions to treat hypotension and/or bradycardia than those in group B (12%), but these were easily managed by administration of fluids or anticholinergic drugs. Adverse events, mainly nausea and/or vomiting, occurred in 45% of group R and 42% of group B (NS). The adverse event profile of remifentanil in this study was typical of a potent mu-opioid receptor agonist. Remifentanil was as effective as epidural or caudal block in providing analgesia and suppressing physiological responses to surgical stimuli in children aged between 1 and 12 years undergoing major abdominal, urological, or orthopaedic surgery under isoflurane/nitrous oxide anaesthesia.     

A comparison of anaesthesia using remifentanil combined with either isoflurane, enflurane or propofol in patients undergoing gynaecological laparoscopy, varicose vein or arthroscopic surgery

BACKGROUND: Anaesthesia comprising remifentanil plus isoflurane, enflurane or propofol was randomly evaluated in 285, 285 and 284 patients, respectively, undergoing short-procedure surgery. METHODS: Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (0.5 mg x kg(-1) and 10 mg x 10 s(-1)), and a remifentanil bolus (1 microg x kg(-1)) and infusion at 0.5 microg x g(-1) x min(-1). Five minutes after intubation, remifentanil infusion was halved and 0.5 MAC of isoflurane or enflurane, or propofol at 100 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) were started and titrated for maintenance. RESULTS: Patient demography and anaesthesia duration were similar between the groups. Surgery was performed as daycases (52%) or inpatients (48%). The median times (5-7 min) to extubation and postoperative recovery were similar between the groups. Responses to tracheal intubation (15% vs 8%) and skin incision (13% vs 7%) were significantly greater in the total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) group (P<0.05). Fewer patients given remifentanil and isoflurane (21%) or enflurane (19%) experienced > or =1 intraoperative stress response compared to the TIVA group (28%) (P<0.05). Median times to qualification for and actual recovery room discharge were 0.5-0.6 h and 1.1-1.2 h, respectively. The most common remifentanil-related symptoms were muscle rigidity (6-7%) at induction, hypotension (3-5%) and bradycardia (1-4%) intraoperatively and, shivering (6-7%), nausea and vomiting postoperatively. Nausea (7%) and vomiting (3%) were significantly lower with TIVA compared with inhaled anaesthetic groups (14-15% and 6-8%, respectively; P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Anaesthesia combining remifentanil with volatile hypnotics or TIVA with propofol was effective and well tolerated. Times of extubation, postanaesthesia recovery and recovery room discharge were rapid, consistent and similar for all three regimens.     

靶控输注全凭静脉麻醉与静吸复合麻醉对术后认知功能影响的比较

【目的】比较靶控输注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉与地氟醚和芬太尼静吸复合麻醉对术后认知功能的影响。【方法】选择ASAⅠ～Ⅱ级，年龄18～65岁（男27例，女17例）择期行鼻内镜手术的病人44例，随机分两组：靶控输注瑞芬太尼加丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉组（TCI组）24例，地氟醚加芬太尼静吸麻醉组（DF组）20例。于麻醉诱导前及术后1、3、24h应用mini—mental state（MMS）测试方法评定其认知功能。比较两组术后麻醉苏醒恢复情况及手术后并发症。【结果】①两组病人在相同麻醉深度下，即脑电双频指数（bispeetral index，BIS）术中维持在40～60，各时间点MMS评分组间比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）；组内比较仅在术后1h均较术前显著降低，术后3h即恢复至术前水平。术后1h TCI组有6例（25％）、DF组有9例（42．9％）病人有明显的认知功能降低，术后3hDF组有2例（10％）病人的MMS值较低（〈28分），而TCI组所有病人认知功能已恢复。②TCI组呼吸恢复时间、听从指令时间及定向力恢复时间均早于DF组，差异有统计学意义（P分别为0．02，0．03和0．02）。拔管时间，呼之睁眼时间也早于DF组，但无统计学意义。③TCI组在拔管即刻的OAAS评分高于DF组，有统计学意义（P=0．007）。④两组病人术后恶心呕吐发生率无差异，两组均无术中知晓发生。【结论】靶控输注瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于鼻内镜手术可引起一过性术后认知功能障碍，与地氟醚和芬太尼静吸复合麻醉相似。     

芬太尼和瑞芬太尼用于全身麻醉的比较

目的：对比芬太尼和不同浓度的瑞芬太尼应用于全身麻醉的不同。方法：60例行乳腺癌根治术或甲状腺大部切除的病人随机分为3组。常规麻醉诱导，麻醉维持每分钟A组瑞芬太尼0.1μg／kg，B组瑞芬太尼0.3μg／kg，C组芬太尼0.03μg/kg，持续静脉输注并吸入异氟醚和O2：N2O（2：1）。结果：B组气管插管、切皮、麻醉维持时浅麻醉发生率明显低于A，C组（P〈0．01），A，B组术后睁眼和拔管时间明显少于C组（P〈0．01）。A，B组术后需要镇痛的人数明显多于C组（P〈0．01）。结论：高剂量瑞芬太尼在全身麻醉术中维持血液动力学稳定方面明显优于低剂量瑞芬太尼和芬太尼。     

瑞芬太尼用于小儿气管异物镜检术麻醉的临床研究

目的研究瑞芬太尼用于小儿支气管异物镜检术麻醉对应激反应的影响。方法气管异物患儿30例,随机分为两组,A组泵注-γOH 100 mg.kg-1,B组泵注-γOH 50 mg.kg-1复合瑞芬太尼0.05μg.kg-1.min-1,检测注药前(T0)、注药后(T1)、下镜时(T2)、下镜后30 min(T3)时的BIS值、HR、RR、SaO2、PEtCO2、皮质醇及血糖浓度。结果A、B组患儿注药后HR、BIS、RR明显下降(P<0.05),但下镜时A组患儿HR明显上升(P<0.05),两组患儿下镜副皮质醇及血糖浓度都升高(P<0.05),以A组明显(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼可抑制小儿气管异物镜检所致的应激反应,且无明显呼吸循环抑制。     

普鲁泊福、瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于颈椎手术的效果评估

目的:评价普鲁泊福和瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉在颈椎手术中的应用效果.方法:择期颈椎手术患者100例随机分为4组:地氟烷/瑞芬太尼(DR)组:地氟烷1～2 MAC 瑞芬太尼0.15～0.40μg·kg-1·min-1;地氟烷/芬太尼(DF)组:地氟烷1～2 MAC 芬太尼0.05 mg间断静推;普鲁泊福/瑞芬太尼(PR)组:普鲁泊福50～100μg·kg-1·min-1 瑞芬太尼0.15～0.40 μg·kg-1·min-1;普鲁泊福/芬太尼(PF)组:普鲁泊福50～100 μg·kg-1·min-1 芬太尼0.05 mg间断静推.记录术中不良心血管事件发生率、血管活性药物使用情况、拔管时间、指令性活动恢复时间.术后90 min、24 h由专人应用简化的状态-特质焦虑问卷(state-trait anxietyinventory,STAI)和视觉模拟评分法(visual analogue scale,VAS)分别评估患者的精神状态和疼痛程度,并记录恶心呕吐的发生率.结果:应用瑞芬太尼的两组(DR组和PR组)不良心血管事件、拔管时间、指令性活动恢复时间明显早于应用芬太尼的两组(DF组和PF组)(P＜0.05);术后90 min,全凭静脉麻醉的两组(PR组和PF组)STAI评分显著低于吸入麻醉的两组(DR组和DF组)(P＜0.05),但24 h后差异不显著;术后90 min、24 h,全凭静脉麻醉的两组恶心呕吐率显著低于吸入麻醉的两组(P＜0.05),且VAS评分较低,但无显著性差异.结论:普鲁泊福和瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于颈椎手术具有血流动力学稳定、苏醒快速完全、术后精神状态好、恶心呕吐率低等优点,可广泛用于临床.     

瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚联合闭环靶控的临床应用

目的:探讨以脑电双频指数(BIS)、平均动脉压(MBP)、心率(HR)为闭环反馈指标行丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼联合闭环靶控的可行性。方法:40例年龄18~39a,拟行妇科腹腔镜择期手术病人随机分成2组,靶控组设丙泊酚3mg·L-1,瑞芬太尼4μg·L-1的浓度行诱导和维持;闭环靶控组设同样初始浓度,以BIS值(50~60),MBP(8~12kPa),HR(60~100次·min-1)为反馈指标在诱导和麻醉维持过程中进行靶控浓度的反馈调控,术中监测HR,MBP,BIS等指标。结果:术中BIS最高值靶控组为63.7±s2.8,明显高于闭环靶控组的53.3±2.0(P<0.01),且超出所设上限60。插管期靶控组MBP最低值低于闭环靶控组(P<0.05),且低于8kPa;切皮期靶控组MBP最高值明显高于闭环靶控组(P<0.01),且超过12kPa。切皮期靶控组HR最高值明显高于闭环靶控组(P<0.01)。结论:以BIS,MBP和HR作为反馈指标行丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼联合闭环靶控可以更好地维持血流动力学的稳定及适当的麻醉深度。     

瑞芬太尼在ICU机械通气患者中的应用研究

目的：观察瑞芬太尼对重症监护病房（IC U ）机械通气患者镇痛镇静的治疗效果及安全性。方法90例行机械通气的ICU患者分为两组,每组45例,分别给予芬太尼和瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵入。疼痛的评估选择面部表情评分（FPS）,镇静的评估选择Richmond镇静躁动评分（RASS）,必要时加用丙泊酚镇静治疗。比较两组患者在治疗期间的FPS、RASS和生命体征,观察两组的平均起效时间,达到镇痛镇静目标时间,加用丙泊酚的病例数及用量,以及机械通气时间,IC U住院时间和不良反应发生情况。结果瑞芬太尼在应用5 min后FPS评分明显降低（P＜0．05）,而芬太尼则应用10 min后FPS评分明显降低;瑞芬太尼达到镇痛目标时间（5．00±1．37） min ,芬太尼达到镇痛目标时间（30．00±4．50） min;瑞芬太尼组仅28．9％的患者需合并使用丙泊酚,而芬太尼组则为64．4％（P＜0．01）;瑞芬太尼组使用丙泊酚用量较芬太尼组低;两组患者用药后各时间点中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（HR）差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。与芬太尼组相比,瑞芬太尼组机械通气时间（P＜0．05）、ICU住院时间（P＜0．05）均较芬太尼组明显缩短。结论瑞芬太尼用于IC U机械通气患者治疗时起效快、镇痛作用强、合并镇静药物用量少,可缩短机械通气与IC U住院时间,无明显不良反应。