瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷麻醉对患者术后认知功能的影响

目的探讨瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷麻醉对术后患者认知功能的影响。方法 86例择期行腹腔镜手术的女性患者根据麻醉方法分为观察组和对照组,每组43例。对照组患者给予瑞芬太尼麻醉,观察组患者给予瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷麻醉;比较2组患者的生命体征、苏醒时间及认知功能。结果麻醉前、麻醉1 h、麻醉2 h及麻醉结束时2组患者的收缩压、舒张压、心率、呼吸频率及动脉血氧饱和度比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察组和对照组患者苏醒时间分别为(12.6±3.4)、(28.4±2.5)min,观察组患者苏醒时间显著短于对照组(P<0.05)。2组患者麻醉前简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);麻醉结束后6、12 h,观察组患者MMSE评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05);麻醉结束后24 h,2组患者MMSE评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。麻醉前2组患者词语记忆能力、简单计算能力及图片再认能力评分比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者麻醉结束后12 h图片再认能力评分与麻醉前比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);2组患者麻醉结束后12 h词语记忆能力、简单计算能力评分均低于麻醉前(P<0.05);麻醉结束后12 h,观察组患者词语记忆能力和简单计算能力评分显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼联合七氟烷麻醉可显著改善患者术后认知功能。     

Alternatives to remifentanil for the analgesic component of total intravenous anaesthesia: a narrative review

Propfol-remifentanil-based total intravenous anaesthesia has dominated recent clinical practice due to its favourable pharmacokinetic profile. Interruption in remifentanil supply has presented an opportunity to diversify or even avoid the use of opioids and consider adjuncts to propofol-based total intravenous anaesthesia. Propofol, while a potent hypnotic, is not an effective analgesic. The administration of opioids, along with other adjuncts such as α-2 adrenoceptor agonists, magnesium, lidocaine, ketamine and nitrous oxide provide surgical anaesthesia and avoids large doses of propofol being required. We provide an overview of both target-control and manual infusion regimes for the alternative opioids: alfentanil, sufentanil and fentanyl. The optimal combination of hypnotic-opioid dose, titration sequence and anticipated additional postoperative analgesia required depend on the chosen combination. In addition, we include a brief discussion on the role of non-opioid adjuncts in total intravenous anaesthesia, suggested doses and expected reduction in propofol dose.     

瑞芬太尼和氯胺酮静脉麻醉用于重睑术的效果比较

目的：比较瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚和氯胺酮复合异丙酚在重睑成形手术中的静脉镇痛、镇静效果及清醒时间、手术时间和不良反应的发生率。方法：选择200例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级择期行重睑成形术患者,随机分为A、B两组各100例。A组：瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚;B组：氯胺酮复合异丙酚。分别以瑞芬太尼复合异丙酚或氯胺酮复合异丙酚缓慢静脉推注,观察记录两组患者在入室麻醉前（t0）、静脉麻醉后即刻（t1）、局部浸润麻醉后即刻（t2）、局部浸润麻醉后5min（t3）、局部浸润麻醉后10min（t4）、局部浸润麻醉后20min（t5）时的心率（HR）、收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）变化情况及脉搏血氧饱和度（SpO2）,并记录两组患者的静脉麻醉镇痛与镇静效果、清醒时间、手术时间以及术中与术后恶心呕吐、呼吸抑制及躁动等不良反应。结果：A组患者静脉麻醉后（t1）与麻醉前（t0）相比HR、SBP、DBP有所下降,但差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;B组患者静脉麻醉后（t1）HR、SBP、DBP较麻醉前（t0）有所升高,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;t1、t2、t3、t4节点B组HR、SBP、DBP均明显高于A组,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;两组患者的静脉麻醉镇痛、镇静效果均很好,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;A组与B组清醒时间分别为（6.5±2.2）min、（25.1±4.5）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;A组与B组手术时间分别为（50.1±9.7）min、（83.4±11.5）min,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）;A组不良反应、并发症低于B组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：瑞芬太尼与异丙酚静脉复合麻醉用于重睑成形术对患者的心血管刺激小,血流动力学影响小、并发症少;患者清醒时间、手术时间均较氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉时间短。总之,瑞芬太尼与异丙酚静脉复合麻醉用于重睑成形术效果优于氯胺酮复合异丙酚麻醉。     

Non-neuraxial analgesia in labour

Pain in labour is often described as one of the most severe pains experienced. Neuraxial techniques provide the most effective form of labour analgesia. However, not all women wish to have this or indeed want complete pain relief in labour. There are also subgroups of women in whom neuraxial techniques are contraindicated or attempted placement is unsuccessful. Therefore delivery units must be able to offer a range of non-neuraxial analgesia options for labour.     

瑞芬太尼及丙泊酚静脉用药对高龄患者术后认知功能恢复的影响

目的探讨瑞芬太尼及丙泊酚对高龄患者静脉麻醉后认知功能恢复的影响。方法2009年1月-2013年1月我院行食管癌根治术患者32例,年龄70-80岁,ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级,随机分为两组,分别采用瑞芬太尼＋丙泊酚＋卡肌宁（瑞芬太尼组,n=16）及芬太尼＋丙泊酚＋卡肌宁（芬太尼组,n=16）行麻醉诱导维持。术后记录自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间及自我陈述时间,分别于术前24h、术后2h、24h应用简易精神状态量表评估患者认知功能。结果两组自主呼吸恢复时间未见显著差异（P〉0．05）,瑞芬太尼组呼之睁眼时间、拔管时间及陈述自己姓名时间均明显早于芬太尼组（P〈0．05）。术后2h两组简易精神状态量表评分均较术前明显降低（P〈0．05）,术后24h评分两组较术前均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚合用对高龄患者术后认知功能影响小,值得临床推广应用。     

右美托咪啶静脉复合麻醉在腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床观察

目的：观察右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼行静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Lc）的麻醉效果及术中知晓情况。方法：择期行Lc患者240例,随机分均为右美托咪啶组（D组）和丙泊酚组（P组）。D组给以右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵麻醉诱导和维持,P组则以丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼和顺阿曲库铵行麻醉诱导和维持。记录麻醉诱导、插管及腹腔充气的心血管反应;记录术中用药、术后恢复情况以及患者的满意度。并调查术中知晓发生率。结果：D组患者的麻醉诱导和气管插管未见血压明显变化,腹腔充气血压升高（P〈0．01）,拔管后血压降低（P〈0．01）;P组患者麻醉诱导后血压降低（P〈0．01）。D组麻醉和手术过程心率降低（P〈0．01）而P组心率保持不变。P组清醒拔管时间均少于D组（P〈0．05）。D组阿托品和乌拉地尔的使用较多（P〈0．01）,麻黄碱使用较少（P〈0．05）。D组术后即时镇痛（P〈0．01）、恶心呕吐发生率少于P组（P〈0．05）。结论：右美托咪啶复合瑞芬太尼麻醉效果确切、安全,是腹腔镜胆囊切除术麻醉选择方法之一,术中注意右美托咪啶诱导给药速度、加强心率监护和管理,且无术中知晓发生。     

Propofol–remifentanil intravenous anesthesia and spontaneous ventilation for airway foreign body removal in children with preoperative respiratory impairment

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of propofol–remifentanil total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) and spontaneous ventilation for foreign body (FB) removal in pediatric patients with preoperative respiratory impairment. Methods: We carried out a prospective observational clinical study of FB removal using a rigid bronchoscope under propofol–remifentanil TIVA and spontaneous ventilation in 65 pediatric patients who presented with preoperative respiratory impairment. Heart rate, blood pressure, pulse oxygen saturation (SpO₂), respiratory rate, endtidal CO₂ (ETCO₂)_, induction time, and remifentanil rate were recorded. Adverse events, the intervention for these events, and the duration of postoperative care were also of interest. Results: Sixty children completed the study. The mean induction time was 12.3 min. During the procedure, the maximum remifentanil rate was 0.14 μg·kg^?1·min^?1. Light breath holding occurred in 16 (26.7%) patients. No severe breath holding or body movements were observed. An SpO₂ below 90% occurred in 10 (16.7%) cases. No progressive desaturation was observed. The mean ETCO₂ at the end of the procedures was 7.91 KPa and returned to normal 5 min after the procedure. In the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), no hypoxemia was observed and the mean recovery time was 23.4 min. No laryngospasm, pneumothorax, or arrhythmias were observed. Conclusion: Propofol–remifentanil TIVA and spontaneous ventilation are effective and safe techniques to manage anesthesia during airway FB removal in children with preoperative respiratory impairment.     

Predicted EC50 and EC95 of Remifentanil for Smooth Removal of a Laryngeal Mask Airway Under Propofol Anesthesia

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect-site concentration (Ce) of remifentanil in 50% of patients (EC₅₀) and 95% of patients (EC₉₅) for smooth laryngeal mask airway (LMA) removal in adults under propofol and remifentanil anesthesia.

Materials and Methods

Twenty-five patients of ASA physical status I-II and ages 18-60 years who were to undergo minor gynecological or orthopedic surgery were assessed in this study. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with propofol and remifentanil target-controlled infusion (TCI). Remifentanil was maintained at a predetermined Ce during the emergence period. The modified Dixon''s up-and-down method was used to determine the remifentanil concentration, starting from 1.0 ng/mL (step size of 0.2 ng/mL). Successful removal of the LMA was regarded as absence of coughing/gagging, clenched teeth, gross purposeful movements, breath holding, laryngospasm, or desaturation to SpO₂<90%.

Results

The mean±SD Ce of remifentanil for smooth LMA removal after propofol anesthesia was 0.83±0.16 ng/mL. Using isotonic regression with a bootstrapping approach, the estimated EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ of remifentanil Ce were 0.91 ng/mL [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.77-1.07 ng/mL] and 1.35 ng/mL (95% CI, 1.16-1.38 ng/mL), respectively.

Conclusion

Our results showed that remifentanil TCI at an established Ce is a reliable technique for achieving safe and smooth emergence without coughing, laryngospasm, or other airway reflexes.     

瑞芬太尼在ICU机械通气患者中的应用研究

目的：观察瑞芬太尼对重症监护病房（IC U ）机械通气患者镇痛镇静的治疗效果及安全性。方法90例行机械通气的ICU患者分为两组,每组45例,分别给予芬太尼和瑞芬太尼持续静脉泵入。疼痛的评估选择面部表情评分（FPS）,镇静的评估选择Richmond镇静躁动评分（RASS）,必要时加用丙泊酚镇静治疗。比较两组患者在治疗期间的FPS、RASS和生命体征,观察两组的平均起效时间,达到镇痛镇静目标时间,加用丙泊酚的病例数及用量,以及机械通气时间,IC U住院时间和不良反应发生情况。结果瑞芬太尼在应用5 min后FPS评分明显降低（P＜0．05）,而芬太尼则应用10 min后FPS评分明显降低;瑞芬太尼达到镇痛目标时间（5．00±1．37） min ,芬太尼达到镇痛目标时间（30．00±4．50） min;瑞芬太尼组仅28．9％的患者需合并使用丙泊酚,而芬太尼组则为64．4％（P＜0．01）;瑞芬太尼组使用丙泊酚用量较芬太尼组低;两组患者用药后各时间点中心静脉压（CVP）、心率（HR）差异均无统计学意义（P＞0．05）。与芬太尼组相比,瑞芬太尼组机械通气时间（P＜0．05）、ICU住院时间（P＜0．05）均较芬太尼组明显缩短。结论瑞芬太尼用于IC U机械通气患者治疗时起效快、镇痛作用强、合并镇静药物用量少,可缩短机械通气与IC U住院时间,无明显不良反应。     

显微耳科手术在无肌松药下瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全麻疗效

目的：探讨显微耳科手术在无肌松药下瑞芬太尼-丙泊酚全麻疗效。方法：收集我院2011年12月～2014年1月期间进行显微镜下乳突根治术患者共计84例,随机分为无肌松组42例,肌松组42例。两组均给予常规诱导后并气管插管。无肌松组静脉持续输注丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。肌松组插管后静脉注射维库溴铵0.1mg/kg,持续静脉输注丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼维持麻醉。评价两组患者切皮时（T1）,电钻磨骨时（T2）,拔管后10min （T3）各点肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平;同时记录切皮、电钻磨骨、拔管后10min 患者收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、平均动脉压（MAP）及心率（HR）。结果：无肌松组和肌松组切皮时、电钻磨骨时,各点收缩压、舒张压、平均动脉压、心率及肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ、醛固酮水平差异无统计学意义。拔管后各项观察指标差异有统计学意义。无肌松组和肌松组不良反应和并发症分别为（2.7%、5.4%;16.2%、21.6%）,差异有统计学意义。结论：认为舒芬太尼、丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼联合应用可以抑制血浆肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮对血压的波动,用于显微耳科手术效果满意,安全可行。