Quantifying how location and dose of botulinum toxin injections affect muscle paralysis

Despite the widespread use of botulinum toxin to treat muscle dystonias, no method exists to quantify muscle paralysis in either human or nonhuman models. In this study we examined how the location, dose, and volume of botulinum injection affects paralysis in the rat tibialis anterior muscle. Paralysis was quantified by electrically stimulating the nerve to the tibialis anterior and then staining sections of the muscle for glycogen. The areas of glycogen-containing fibers represented regions of botulinum action. The results showed that the most important injection technique is to inject botulinum directly into the motor endplate region of a muscle. Injections only 0.5 cm from the motor endplate resulted in a 50% decrease in paralysis. Increases in dose increased paralysis, however, some of that increase was simply due to the increased volume of injection. Thus, delivering toxin in small volumes near the MEP band of a muscle should produce the most effectiveparalysis. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

实时三维超声心动图在三尖瓣反流中的应用

超声心动图对诊断病理性三尖瓣反流发挥着重要作用。实时三维超声心动图可完整显示三尖瓣及其周围结构,其彩色多普勒技术衍生出缩流颈面积这一新指标,可准确测量收缩期中各个时刻的瞬时反流流量,在诊断重度三尖瓣反流及确定其截断值方面更有价值。尤其是在经导管的三尖瓣手术中,实时三维超声心动图占据重要地位。本文总结实时三维超声心动图在三尖瓣反流中的应用和不足,为优化其临床评估提供参考。     

川芎及其中成药抗凝血作用测定方法的研究

目的以延长活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)为指标,建立定量测定川芎抗凝血作用的方法,评价川芎及其中成药的质量。方法川芎先后用乙醇和水定量提取,以总提取物为供试品,体外测定延长APTT值。家兔心脏取血,制备血浆,加入APTT试剂后,测定凝结时间。以APTT延长率为抗凝血活性的评价指标,用阿魏酸钠标定川芎的延长APTT活性。根据量反应平行线法(2.2)计算川芎的抗凝血活性。并测定了9份川芎药材、饮片及中成药的抗凝血活性。结果阿魏酸钠和川芎总提取物均具有显著的抗凝血活性,且可靠性检验结果成立。阿魏酸钠的给药质量浓度(1~5 mg/m L)与其APTT延长率呈良好的线性关系(r=0.995 5)。供试品重复测定抗凝血活性的RSD为9.34%(n=6),可信限率为15.98%(n=6)。不同川芎样品的抗凝血活性不同,5份川芎药材的抗凝血效价分别为5.431~7.620 U/g,川芎饮片及川芎酒炙饮片分别为5.910、3.017 U/g,通脉颗粒和血府逐瘀丸分别为14.516、29.035 U/g。结论建立的方法能准确测定川芎药材、饮片及其中成药的抗凝血活性并评价其质量。     

会计制度是医院成本核算的基础

成本核算是医院经营管理的重要工作,本文就医院现行财务制度在医院成本核算工作中存在的问题,提出了改进医院财会制度完善成本核算制度的思考。建议借鉴企业会计制度的核算方法,完善核算科目,增强抗风险能力和采用全面成本管理法。     

慢性胃炎舌像与胃粘膜像的定量关系

目的:探讨慢性胃炎的舌像与胃粘膜像之间的定量关系.方法:应用概率统计分析的方法和色度学原理,在计算机图像处理系统的支持下,对106例慢性胃炎患者的舌像与胃粘膜像色度之间的变化规律进行定量分析.结果:提出"充血指数"(m)的概念,并给出相应的数学模型.结果表明,浅表性胃炎与糜烂性胃炎的线性回归方程均在0.001水平上差异显著(P<0.01),而萎缩性胃炎的线性回归方程在0.002水平上差异显著(P<0.01).结论:根据舌像变化及所给出的数学模型,可以定量地预测慢性胃炎的充血程度,并以此作为判定病情轻重程度的参考指征.     

同证异治的理论挖掘及研究思路

理论上同证存在层次、程度、阶段不同亚证型;临床上同一治法存在程度、作用方式的差异;治疗同证的不同方药的取效机制存在差异性.开展证的生物学基础、方证相关以及症-证计量研究,进一步诠释同证异治的实质,为证客观化、微观化与量化研究奠定基础,可望丰富临床辨治思维,提高处方用药的针对性.     

急诊定量分级诊断在急性苯丙胺类药物过量患者中的临床应用价值

目的了解急性苯丙胺类兴奋剂中毒患者机体儿茶酚胺等血清学指标的变化,比较上述指标与急诊定量分级策略在对ATS中毒患者临床病情判断上的价值。方法收集我院急诊就诊88例患者,根据传统分级方法将其分为轻度、中度、重度3类,分别于就诊时采集患者外周静脉血,采用胶体金法检测肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、β-内啡肽浓度。根据我们之前制定的定量分级标准对此88例患者病情重新分级,观察患者治疗转归与血清学检测、定量分级标准之间的相关性。结果传统分级方法的3组患者好转率均低于定量分级方法,且血清肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、多巴胺、β-内啡肽的浓度无统计学意义。结论急诊定量分级诊断指导急性ATS中毒患者的病情评估和治疗意义优于血清学指标判断。     

Trends in Incidence and Mortality Rates of Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma of Cervix - Worldwide

The objective of the present paper is to summarize and quantify the trends in incidence and mortality ratesof cervical squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (AC) worldwide. All indexed publications,which provided information on time trends in incidence or mortality rates of cervix cancer, published duringthe past 12 years were included. The details of studies have been identified through searches on the MEDLINEdatabase. Cytology screening as well as changes in socio-economic profile has led to declines in cervical SCCincidence and mortality rates worldwide. Higher percentage decline in SCC is observed in countries whereorganized screening programmes are available. The results suggested that Pap smear screening has played asignificant role in the reduction in SCC in the US, Canada, New South Wales, and in almost all Europeancountries (except in Ireland) as well as in some of the Asian countries. Increasing incidence and mortality ratesof cervical AC has reported in many countries such as the US, Canada, UK, Iceland, Sweden, England, Spain,Finland, Slovakia, Slovenia, the Netherlands particularly among young women. However the increase was mainlyin earlier periods till 1995 and stable or declining trends in cervical AC have been observed in later periods inmany of the above countries such as the US, UK, Canada, Sweden. The increasing risk of AC suggested a majorrole for an increasing prevalence of persistent oncogenic HPV infection and its cofactors, whereas the downturnin period effects in several countries during the 1990s provided evidence that cytology screening is detectingmore preinvasive ACs than in previous decades and suggested that screening might be starting to have a protectiveimpact on AC. The decline in AC incidence might be due to improved specimen collection as well as due toincreased awareness of AC pre-cursors among cytopathologists and clinicians, improvements in laboratorytraining and quality assurance. In conclusion, cytology screening in combination with HPV screening for highriskHPV types may maximize the possibilities of having early cervical lesions detected and treated.     

影响减员预测的社会行为因素量化指标

为了构建影响战斗减员的社会行为因素的量化指标体系及其度量方法,并调整基于历史数据的计算机模拟结果.本研究运用专家咨询方法筛选指标,用群体层次分析法确定各指标的权重.结果显示,构建的量化指标体系包括2类共19种;有些指标可以直接量化,有些指标必须通过交战双方比较间接度量和评估.本研究结果对提高今后作战减员预测的科学性和准确性有一定意义.     

乙肝病毒基因型与肝脏病理改变的关系

目的:探讨乙型肝炎病毒基因型与慢性乙型肝炎患者肝脏病理变化的关系.方法:应用乙肝病毒型特异性引物采用巢式聚合酶链反应(PCR)和荧光定量聚合酶链反应(FQ-PCR),对北京佑安医院住院92例慢性乙型肝炎患者进行乙型肝炎病毒基因型及亚型分析,参照2000年《病毒性肝炎防治方案》对慢性肝炎进行病理分级、分期诊断.结果:92例慢性乙型肝炎患者中HBV基因型分布为B型17例(B2亚型),B/C混合型17例(B2/Ca亚型),C型58例(Ca亚型).17例HBV B型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G3期分别为35.29%,58.82%,5.88%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-3级分别为58.82%,29.41%,11.76%,17例HBV B/C型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G3期35.29%,52.94%,11.76%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-3级23.52%,52.94%,23.52%,58例HBV C型感染患者中病理诊断肝脏炎症活动分级为G1-G4期31.03%,24.14%,36.21%,8.62%;肝脏纤维化程度分级为S1-4级25.86%,39.66%,5.17%,29.31%;HBV三组不同基因型的慢性乙型肝炎患者肝组织病理检查有统计学意义(x~2=15.13,P<0.01).HBV B型与B/C型感染患者年龄在21-30岁组58%-76%,31-40岁组17.6%-29.4%,C型感染患者年龄在21-30岁组25%,31-40岁组46.6%,40岁以上有24.24%;不同HBV基因型感染患者的年龄分布有显著性差异(x~2=9.54,P<0.05).结论:慢性乙型肝炎患者HBV基因型中C型比例明显高于B型与B/C型.HBV C型患者肝脏病理变化较B型与B/C型严重.不同HBV基因型感染患者的年龄分布不同.