Allergen content in dust from homes and schools in northern Norway in relation to sensitization and allergy symptoms in schoolchildren

Background Previous studies have shown a high prevalence of atopic diseases among school children in the community of Sør-Varanger. Moreover, animal dander followed by pollen und house dust mite, were the most common allergens in skin prick tests. Objective To assess the allergen content in homes (living-rooms and mattresses) and classrooms of children living in an arctic area at 70° north. The presence of allergens in homes and schools and their relationship to atopy was of particular interest. Methods Dust samples from 38 homes and seven schools in northern Norway were collected by vacuum cleaning. The presence of allergens of dog, birch, timothy, Cladosporium herbanun, codfish and hen egg-white was investigated by radio-allergosorbent test (RAST) inhibition and the presence of major allergens of cat Felis domesticus (Fel d I) and house dust mites (HDM) Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Derp I) and Dermatophagoides farinae (Derf I) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Mattresses contained significantly more dust per unit area than living-rooms and classrooms. No statistically significant differences in allergen content for dog. birch, timothy, Cladosporium, codfish and hen egg-white were seen between HDM-sensitized and non-atopic children. Most dust samples contained dog allergens with the highest allergenic activity found in living-rooms of those keeping dogs. An increased level of Feld I was detected in only one of 38 samples from living-rooms (this family kept a cat) and in 25 of 38 samples from mattresses with ranges from 24 to 84ng/m². The highest concentrations were found in mattresses of children keeping cats. Increased levels ( 25 ng/m²) of Derp I were found only in homes and virtually only in mattresses of HDM-sensitized children. An increased level of Derf] was found in only one case, i.e. in the mattress of an HDM-sensitized child where additionally Der p I and HDMs were demonstrated microscopically. When relating Der p I to HDMsensitization an odds ratio of more than 16 (95% Cl: 1.6–394.3) was found. All extracts from living-rooms included codfish allergens. Low RAST inhibition values were detected for hen egg-white, Cladosporium, birch and timothy pollen in most samples. Furthermore, the study demonstrated that dust from schools was relatively free of allergens. Conclusion Previous findings indicating that the main allergen exposure problem in this geographical area is that of pet allergens were confirmed.     

相对湿度对空调环境至适温度影响的研究

本文研究空调室内相同温度（夏季：２４℃，２８℃：冬季：１９℃；２２℃）条件下相对湿度（分别为３０～７０％；８５～９５％）对至适温度的影响。以健康成年人为研究对象，以体温、皮温、皮温差、温热感和舒适感为观察指标。结果表明：空调室内气温相同时，皮温差、温热感、舒适感均随气湿不同而出现差异。夏季空调温度为２８℃、气湿为８５～９５％时，皮温差（２．１℃）已超出生理至适范围，温热感（１２．５％）和舒适感（０％）也随湿度增高而下降（Ｐ＜０．０１）。提出在制订空调至适温度卫生标准时，应考虑空气湿度对至适温度的影响。     

A pilot study of the effect of mechanical ventilation and heat exchange on house-dust mites and Der p 1 in New Zealand homes

We have examined the effect of reducing relative humidity (RH), with inbuilt mechanical ventilation and heat-exchange (MVHE) units, on house-dust- mite (HDM) counts and allergen levels, in a pilot study of 10 Wellington dwellings. Recent international prevalence studies in adults and children have confirmed a high prevalence of asthma in New Zealand, Sensitivity to HDM is common among the general population, and HDM is the major allergen associated with asthma. Recent studies of allergen levels have confirmed high concentrations of Der p 1 in the domestic environment. While humidity was significantly reduced in those dwellings fitted with ventilation units, no systematic effect on mites or Der p 1 was observed during the study period. When the reductions in humidity were examined in the context of the time spent below the critical equilibrium humidity (CEH), the intervention led to RH values below the CEH for only 39% of the total of 24-h periods for which measurements were made. Reducing RH by means of MVHE in New Zealand domestic dwellings does not lower humidity sufficiently, or long enough, to have any measurable effect on HDM populations.     

高温高湿环境犬肢体火器伤细菌学定量观察

目的探讨高温高湿环境下火器伤弹道细菌定量变化及发生感染的时限,为这一特殊环境下火器伤软组织清创时 机、方法及抗生素的应用提供依据。方法将犬随机分为高温高湿（ＨＨＥ）组和常温常湿（ＮＥ）组,于火器伤后０、４、６、 ８、１２、２４ ｈ进行大体观察及细菌学定量变化的检测。结果伤肢肿胀、组织坏死和动物死亡时间,ＨＨＥ组均较ＮＥ组 严重和提前。细菌学定量检测ＨＨＥ组火器伤伤道细菌数在同一时间点比ＮＥ组高,随时间的延长呈显著增长趋势。 ＮＥ组１２ ｈ细菌数目可达引起感染的临界数值,而ＨＨＥ组８ ｈ时细菌数即达临界数值,较ＮＥ组明显提前。结论高 温高湿环境下火器伤后细菌繁殖快,感染时间提前且严重,强调及早、彻底的清创。     

Humidity

The humidity of gases is an important topic within anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. An appreciation of the underlying physics helps to ensure that we monitor and deliver optimally humidified gases to our patients, thus minimizing the pathophysiological consequences when normal humidification processes are bypassed. In this article the different techniques and equipment used to measure humidity are illustrated, as well as the methods of humidification used in clinical practice.     

噪声、照明、温度、湿度对听觉的复合作用

观察舰艇舱室环境噪声、照明、温度、湿度４种物理因素联合作用对暂时性听阈偏移的影响。方法：受试者分析在（１）７５ｄＢＡ、２００ｌｘ、２５℃、６５％ＲＨ;（２）７５ｄＢＡ,６１ｘ、３５℃、８５％ＲＨ;（３）８５ｄＢＡ、８０ｌｘ、３５℃;（）ＤｂＡ、８０ｌｘ、３０℃、７５％ＲＨ;（５）９０ｄＢＡ、１８０ｌｘ、２７℃、６０％ＲＨ;（６）９６ｄＢＡ、２００ｌｘ、２５℃、６５％ＲＨ;（５）９５ｄＢＡ、６ｌｘ、     

医学气象学与SARS流行的相关性研究

目的从医学气象学角度探讨SARS流行与气象因素的相关性。方法以SARS高发区广州、北京为例,通过网络、报刊等媒介获取两地在SARS流行前后的相关气象因子(日最高温度、日最低温度、相对湿度)及SARS疫情报告,运用EXCEL2000及相关矩阵法统计分析气象因子与SARS流行的关系,并从医学气象学角度对其相关性作出探讨。结果①SARS在12.8～23.5℃发病率最高,且与最高温度呈负相关。②SARS发病与最低温度呈负相关,高发前期有明显的降温过程。③广州的相对湿度较北京高,但与SARS的流行相关性不大。④2001年冬平均气温高于往年。结论①相对湿度较大有利于SARS的发生。②SARS发生于温热天气,气温波动有助于其流行。③气候异常变化是SARS发生的诱因。     

湿度风速对风湿性心脏病病情加重的影响

目的:分析太原地区湿度风速对风湿性心脏病病情加重的影响。方法:将1999年～2 0 0 3年收治的太原地区2 6 9例风湿性心脏病患者作为研究对象,用率与构成比描述性分析季湿度风速对风湿性心脏病患者病情加重的影响,用特殊多元线性回归分析周湿度风速对风湿性心脏病病情加重的影响。结果:1999年～2 0 0 3年春、夏、秋、冬四季风湿性心脏病患者病情加重率分别为13.4 %、2 4 .5 %、31.1%、32 .0 % ,季湿度、季风速与风湿性心脏病病情加重间有部分关系;周湿度、周风速对风湿性心脏病病情加重关系不大。结论:季湿度和风速与风湿性心脏病病情加重有部分关系。     

当归妇康胶囊剂成型工艺的研究

目的:确定当归妇康胶囊剂成型工艺条件.方法:考察不同辅料对浸膏粉吸湿性的影响;以颗粒的流动性与吸湿性为指标,用单因素法优选制粒工艺条件.结果:最佳制粒工艺条件为:浸膏粉(药材提取物:淀粉=5:2)与微晶纤维素按7:1的比例混匀,以95%乙醇为润湿剂制软材,醇用量为浸膏粉的5%.结论:成品颗粒的流动性好,临界相对湿度约为65%.     

Influence of MCC II fraction and storage conditions on pellet properties

Microcrystalline cellulose II (MCC II) – a polymorph of commonly used MCC I – was introduced as new pelletization aid in wet-extrusion/spheronization leading to fast disintegrating pellets. Previous investigations suggested that pellet properties were influenced by the fraction of MCC II. Furthermore, it is unknown whether the storage conditions can affect the disintegration behavior. Therefore, the effects of MCC II fraction and the storage conditions on several pellet properties were investigated.MCC II-based pellets were prepared of pure MCC II or binary mixtures containing 10–50% (steps of 10%) MCC II as pelletization aid and theophylline, chloramphenicol or lactose. The pellets were characterized by their aspect ratio, equivalent diameter, water content, tensile strength, porosity as well as shrinking, and disintegration behavior and drug release according to their MCC II fraction. Furthermore, the pellets were stored at different relative humidities (0–97%rh), and the influence on their disintegration and drug release was investigated.With increasing MCC II fraction, the pellets became lager in size, decreased their porosity, and required higher water contents for spheronization. Moreover, the disintegration time increased and the disintegration itself was incomplete. Furthermore, the storage conditions had an impact on the disintegration properties of MCC II-based pellets. The disintegrating was affected irreversibly after storage at high humidity (80–97%rh) resulting in a slow drug release. Therefore, MCC II-based pellets need to be stored below 80%rh to secure a fast disintegration.A better knowledge of the properties of MCC II-based pellets was obtained providing a basis for a successful manufacturing and adequate storage of MCC II-based pellets prepared by extrusion/spheronization.