Current state of biologic pharmacovigilance in the European Union: improvements are needed

Introduction: Pharmacovigilance is essential to monitoring the safety profiles of authorized medicines. Compared with small-molecule drugs, biological drugs are more complex, more susceptible to structural variability due to manufacturing processes, and have the potential to induce immune-related reactions, underscoring the importance of safety monitoring for these products. Although highly similar to reference products, biosimilars are not expected to be structurally identical. For these reasons, proper reporting of potential adverse drug reactions (ADRs) using distinguishable names and batch numbers is essential for accurate tracing of all biological drugs. To address the need for robust pharmacovigilance, the European Parliament and Council of the European Union provided legislation regarding pharmacovigilance of biologics in 2010.

Areas covered: This narrative review examines the current state of pharmacovigilance for biologics in the European Union (EU) and discusses relevant information on pharmacovigilance of biosimilars, the current EU pharmacovigilance system, and areas that could be improved.

Expert opinion: Although steps have been taken to improve pharmacovigilance of biologics in the EU, several enhancements can still be made, including additional training for healthcare professionals on ADR reporting, the use of 2D barcodes that enhance traceability, and an open discussion of potentially missed opportunities in the pharmacovigilance of biosimilars.     

益气养精法对老年肺癌患者肿瘤标志物、生存期影响研究

目的探究益气养精法对老年肺癌患者肿瘤标志物、生存期影响。方法研究纳入60例老年肺癌患者,均由本院2016年1月-2017年1月收治,采取随机数字表法将患者分为两组,对照组患者(30例)常规化疗治疗,观察组患者(30例)在化疗基础上联合益气养精法治疗,比较两组患者治疗效果、治疗前后癌胚抗原(carcino-embryonic antigen,CEA)及血清癌抗原125(serum oncoantigen 125,CA 125)肿瘤标志物水平、不良反应情况及患者2年生存率。结果观察组患治疗有效率高于对照组,P<0.05;治疗前,两组患者CEA及CA 125水平相当,P>0.05,治疗后均改善,观察组优于对照组,P<0.05;观察组患者不良反应与对照组相当,均较低,P>0.05;观察组患者2年生存率高于对照组,P<0.05。结论益气养精法治疗老年肺癌患者效果患者,患者症状改善,不良反应少,安全可靠,且患者2年生存率较高。     

补肾纳气法治疗小儿支气管哮喘的临床分析

目的：探讨分析补肾纳气法治疗小儿支气管哮喘的临床效果。方法方便选取该院儿科于2013年3月—2014年11月收治的小儿支气管哮喘患者67例，根据随机数字法分为对照组33例和观察组34例，对照组患者予以氨茶碱片治疗，观察组患者实施补肾纳气法治疗，观察两组患者的治疗效果，进行临床对照性分析。结果对照组患者不良反应发生率24.2%，观察组患者不良反应发生率5.8%，观察组不良反应发生率明显低于对照组(P﹤0.05)；对照组患者总有效率60.6%，观察组患者总有效率85.3%。观察组患者治疗后总有效率明显高于对照组(P﹤0.05)。结论补肾纳气法治疗小儿支气管哮喘的临床效果好，应用价值高，值得在临床实践中推广应用。     

Associations of HLA and drug-metabolizing enzyme genes in co-trimoxazole-induced severe cutaneous adverse reactions

Co-trimoxazole is mainly used as a first-line drug for treatment and prophylaxis against Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia. This drug, however, has been reported as the most common causative drug for severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs). This study aimed to extensively elucidate the associations between genetic polymorphisms of HLA class I and genes involved in bioactivation and detoxification of co-trimoxazole on co-trimoxazole-induced SCARS in a large sample size and well-defined Thai SCARs patients. A total of 67 patients with co-trimoxazole-induced SCARs, consisting of 51 SJS/TEN patients and 16 DRESS patients, and 91 co-trimoxazole tolerant controls were enrolled in the study. The results clearly demonstrated that the HLA-B¹13:01 allele was significantly associated with co-trimoxazole-induced SCARs, especially with DRESS (OR = 8.44, 95% CI = 2.66–26.77, P = 2.94 × 10⁻⁴, Pc = 0.0126). Moreover, the HLA-C¹08:01 allele was significantly associated with co-trimoxazole-induced SJS/TEN in the HIV/AIDS patients with an OR of 8.51 (95% CI = 2.18–33.14, P = 8.60 × 10⁻⁴, Pc = 0.0241). None of the genes involved in the bioactivation and detoxification of co-trimoxazole investigated in this study play any major role in the development of all phenotypes of SCARs.     

丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻的效果分析与研究

目的 探讨丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全身麻醉(全麻)的效果。方法 62例腹腔镜、泌尿科、骨科、肛肠科、妇科等手术治疗的患者,随机分为实验组和对照组,每组31例。对照组采用常规气管插管静脉复合全麻,实验组给予靶控输注丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻。比较两组患者插入喉罩(插管)、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔出喉罩(拔管)1 min、拔管3 min时心率(HR)和平均动脉压(MAP)水平;不良反应发生情况、麻醉效果;全麻起效时间、维持全麻时间、术后苏醒时间。结果 实验组插管时、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔管1 min、拔管3 min的HR水平分别为(77.52±6.36)、(73.26±5.56)、(72.01±4.69)、(75.35±7.63)、(72.34±6.79)次/min,均低于对照组的(92.34±7.85)、(87.97±5.25)、(78.85±5.20)、(95.69±9.21)、(85.63±7.43)次/min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组插管时、插管1 min、插管3 min、拔管1 min、拔管3 min的MAP水平分别为(90.25±6.73)、(87.65±7.98)、(88.79±7.65)、(88.09±5.61)、(88.52±5.16)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),均低于对照组的(109.51±7.85)、(103.27±12.43)、(102.52±8.21)、(106.74±7.68)、(104.62±7.71)mm Hg,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组不良反应发生率3.23%低于对照组的19.35%,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组麻醉总有效率96.77%均高于对照组的80.65%,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。实验组全麻起效、维持全麻、术后苏醒时间分别为(1.61±0.23)、(100.59±6.72)、(17.99±3.52)min,均短于对照组的(2.93±0.41)、(123.61±7.85)、(36.87±4.16)min,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 针对腹腔镜等手术患者应用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼喉罩全麻对血液动力学影响小,不良反应发生率低,麻醉效果良好,降低对机体损伤,值得推广应用。     

痛泻四神汤腹泻型肠易激综合征的胃肠激素水平变化及临床意义观察

目的:探究痛泻四神汤对腹泻型肠易激综合征胃肠激素水平的影响。方法:选取2017年2月至2018年6月西安市中医医院收治的腹泻型肠易激综合征患者124例作为研究对象,按照就诊顺序编号随机分为对照组和观察组,每组62例。对照组给予西医常规治疗,观察组在对照组基础上加用痛泻四神汤加减治疗,均治疗2周。观察和比较2组治疗前后淋巴细胞指标CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+、CD4^+/CD8^+变化,观察并比较2组治疗前后胃肠激素指标血浆胃动素(MOT)、降钙素相关基因肽(CGRP)、血管活性肠肽(VIP)、生长抑素(SS)、一氧化氮(NO)变化;观察并比较2组治疗前后在γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)、5-羟色胺(5-HT)、神经肽Y(NPY)含量变化;观察并比较2组治疗前后临床症状腹痛、腹胀、肠鸣失气、急躁易怒、神疲乏力、纳呆食少症状评分变化;治疗过程中进行不良反应记录,治疗结束后进行统计。结果:1)2组患者治疗前CD3^+、CD4^+、CD8^+、CD4^+/CD8^+比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组CD3^+、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+较治疗前均显著上升,CD8^+显著下降(均P<0.05);治疗后观察组患者CD3^+、CD4^+、CD4^+/CD8^+显著高于对照组,CD8^+显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。2)2组治疗前MOT、CGRP、VIP、SS、NO比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组MOT、NO较治疗前显著升高,CGRP、VIP、SS显著下降(P<0.05);治疗后观察组CGRP、VIP、SS显著低于对照组,MOT、NO显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。3)2组治疗前IFN-γ、5-HT、NPY比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组IFN-γ、5-HT、NPY较治疗前均显著下降(P<0.05);治疗后观察组IFN-γ、5-HT、NPY显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。4)2组治疗前腹痛、腹胀、肠鸣失气、急躁易怒、神疲乏力、纳呆食少积分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),治疗后2组以上各症状评分较治疗前显著下降(P<0.05);治疗后观察组以上各积分显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。5)2组口干、头痛、皮疹、胃肠道反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:痛泻四神汤能改善腹泻型肠易激综合征胃肠激素水平,改善临床症状,提高机体免疫力,提高疗效。     

The quality of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports from the pharmacovigilance centre in western China

Background: High-quality adverse drug reaction (ADR) reports are essential for conducting drug safety monitoring in pharmacovigilance. The study aim was to assess the current quality of ADR reports in western China, and to identify problems with ADR report quality.

Research design and methods: A sample of 1139 reports received by the Shaanxi ADR Monitoring Center from January 2015 to December 2017 was selected. ADR report quality was evaluated using an ADR report quality evaluation system.

Results: None of the reports were rated as excellent and 1.40% (n = 16) as good. Report quality was better for new and serious reports than for general reports. Medical institutions generated higher quality reports than pharmaceutical manufacturers. Nurses generated higher quality reports than doctors, pharmacists, and other professionals. Reporters of different occupations showed significant differences in the quality of the indicators Reporting time limit, Intervention ADR time, ADR termination time, ADR intervention measures, Original disease, and Cause of medication (P = 0.000).

Conclusions: The ADR data quality was poor in western China, and of lower quality than reported data from previous research in other regions. Improvements in the quality and availability of ADR reports are urgently needed.     

抗PD-1/PD-L1免疫检查点抑制剂的皮肤免疫相关不良反应的研究进展

随着免疫检查点抑制剂（immune checkpoint inhibitors，ICPI）在国内外临床试验和应用中的逐步推广，越来越多的患者从免疫治疗中获得显著的疗效。其中抗程序细胞死亡蛋白1（programmed death-1，PD-1）及其配体（PD-1 ligand，PD-L1）免疫检查点抑制剂已被美国食品药品管理局（FDA）批准用于恶性黑色素瘤、转移性鳞状非小细胞肺癌、晚期肾癌、头颈鳞状细胞癌、尿路上皮癌等肿瘤的治疗。但PD-1/PD-L1单抗也会引起免疫相关性皮肤、消化道、肝脏、内分泌、肺部等器官的不良反应，皮肤毒性如皮疹、白癜风、皮肤干燥症等是最常见也是最早发生的不良反应。     

Imaging Features of Pulmonary Immune-related Adverse Events

Pulmonary immune-related adverse events represent rare but potentially severe side effects of immunotherapies. Diagnosis is often challenging, as symptoms and imaging features are not specific and may mimic other lung diseases, thus potentially delaying appropriate patient management. In this setting, an accurate imaging evaluation is essential for a prompt detection and correct management of these drug-induced lung diseases. The purpose of this article is to review the different types of pulmonary immune-related adverse events, describe their imaging characteristics on both high-resolution computed tomography and positron emission tomography/computed tomography and stress their underlying diagnostic challenge by presenting the mimickers.