暑期学校课程的实践与思考

暑期学校是我国高校教学组织方式的重要变革,目的是为了最大限度地利用学校有限的教学资源,满足学生的学习需求.近些年,国内多所高校对暑期学校的开设进行了卓有成效的探索,本文结合北京中医药大学开办暑期学校的实践,分析课程开设情况并总结经验,以期对今后中医药院校暑期学校课程设置提供借鉴.     

Reengineering the Radiology Enterprise: A Summary of the 2014 Intersociety Committee Summer Conference

The current initiative to reform health care from both a quality and a cost perspective has already had a profound impact on the radiology enterprise. We have seen a decrease in the utilization of imaging studies, a reduction in reimbursement, a declining payer mix, shrinking incomes, a proliferation of performance indices, creation of radiology mega-groups, growth of national radiology companies, and increasing turf incursions. Our cheese is clearly on the move, and we must take action to reengineer the radiology enterprise. In keeping with general health care reform, we must be patient-centric, data driven, and outcome based. We must create a radiology enterprise that adheres to the value equation of providing the highest quality health care, for the lowest possible cost, for all citizens.     

第26届世界大学生夏季运动会病媒生物治理工作的启示

本文介绍了深圳市举行的第26届世界大学生夏季运动会病媒生物防治工作的具体做法,以及取得的丰富经验。     

Diet Quality and Fruit,Vegetable, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption by Household Food Insecurity among 8- to 12-Year-Old Children during Summer Months

BackgroundSchool-delivered nutrition assistance programs have improved dietary intake for children from food-insecure households during the school year. However, little is known about their diet quality and eating patterns during summer months.ObjectiveSchool-aged children’s summer month weekday and weekend day diet quality and eating patterns were assessed by household food insecurity.DesignSecondary analysis of cross-sectional data was employed.Participants/settingDuring the summers of 2011 through 2017, baseline data were collected from parent–child dyads participating in one of two community-based obesity prevention trials in metropolitan Minnesota (N=218). The mean age of children was 10 years; 50% were girls, 49% were nonwhite, and 25% were from food-insecure households.Main outcome measuresChildren from food-secure and food-insecure households were identified by using the short form of the US Household Food Security Survey. Healthy Eating Index 2015 and eating patterns—including energy intake and consumption of whole fruits, vegetables, 100% fruit/vegetable juice, and sugar-sweetened beverages—were estimated by means of 24-hour dietary recall interviews conducted on weekdays and weekend days.Statistical analysis performedGeneral linear modeling was used to examine diet quality and eating patterns by food insecurity, controlling for child age, child body mass index z score, and parent education.ResultsChildren from food-insecure and food-secure households had Healthy Eating Index 2015 scores less than 50. Children from food-insecure households reported less energy intake, fewer cups of whole fruit, and more sugar-sweetened beverage consumption for every 1,000 kcal consumed on a weekend day when compared with their counterparts from food-secure households (P<0.05). Similar results were not seen for weekday eating patterns.ConclusionsWhole fruit and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption varied by food insecurity on weekend days during summer months. Because children tend to gain weight during summer months, efforts to increase weekend access to whole fruits and promote water consumption may contribute to weight gain prevention and healthy development, especially for children from food-insecure households.     

北京市夏秋季腹泻病例病原菌调查

目的:了解北京市夏秋季细菌性腹泻病主要病原构成情况,进一步提高腹泻病的防控能力。方法:2010年4月-2010年10月从北京市6个区县13家二级以上医院的肠道门诊采集符合腹泻病定义患者的粪便标本进行病原菌检测,并对检测结果进行统计学描述和分析。结果:检测标本2024份,阳性率为22.0%(445/2024)。分离菌株以志贺菌为主,占所有菌株的42.2%(188/445),其次是副溶血弧菌,占30.6%(136/445),副溶血弧菌在远郊区县的阳性率较高,副溶血弧菌和志贺菌发病率高峰分别出现在8月和9月,儿童和青壮年是主要感染人群。结论:志贺菌和副溶血弧菌是北京市2010年细菌性腹泻病的主要病原菌,加强夏秋季海产品和生食等出售场所的卫生监督管理和重点人群的饮食安全教育是腹泻病防控的重要措施。     

治未病三伏贴对支气管哮喘缓解期患者 冬病夏治的疗效观察

目的 观察治未病三伏贴对支气管哮喘缓解期患者冬病夏治的临床疗效。方法 选取2017年2月~2018年2月在我院治疗的100例支气管哮喘缓解期患者,随机分为对照组和观察组,每组50例。对照组采用传统贴膏治疗,观察组采用治未病三伏贴治疗,观察对比两组临床疗效、VCmax、FEV1、FEV1/FVC、红斑和水肿评分。结果 观察组治疗总有效率为94.00%,高于对照组的74.00%,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。治疗后,观察组VCmax、FEV1、FEV1/FVC等指标的改善优于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。观察组治疗后红斑、水肿评分低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 治未病三伏贴可提高支气管哮喘缓解期患者冬病夏控制率,改善患者肺功能,减轻临床症状,且临床皮肤反应轻,患者容易接受,利于临床的应用。     

Odor attributes change in relation to the time of the year. Cinnamon odor is more familiar and pleasant during Christmas season than summertime

Aim of the present study was to examine whether odor attributes like pleasantness and familiarity change in relation to the time of the year. In the first part of the study a total of 100 subjects answered to questions without odor presentation whether a certain odor was more related to summertime or Christmas season. Another 41 and 51 subjects rated the familiarity and hedonicity of 12 odors either during summertime or Christmas season, respectively. Importantly, this investigation was performed at the same place within a science museum during stable environmental conditions. Subjects reported that rose odor was more related to summertime, whereas orange, cinnamon, and cloves were more associated with Christmas season with cinnamon being most intimately connected to this time of the year. Moreover, subjects showed significantly higher familiarity and pleasantness ratings when they smelled cinnamon during the Christmas season than during summertime. Taken together, this study demonstrated that attributes of some odors change throughout the year.     

Disappearance of summer influenza in the Okinawa prefecture during the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic

Since the Okinawan islands are located in the southernmost part of Japan, where the climate is subtropical, several episodes of influenza epidemics occur during the summer season. More recently, we have demonstrated that summer influenza epidemics occur every year. After the outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) began in January 2020, measures to avoid disease transmission have been widely promoted in Japan, such as the use of masks, handwashing, remote work, and cancellation of large events. These measures might also have reduced the spread of other infectious diseases, such as the seasonal influenza. Based on this background, we evaluated weekly influenza activity in the 2019/2020 season. After the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the summer influenza in the Okinawa prefecture disappeared in 2020. The reasons for the disappearance of summer influenza in Okinawa are discussed herein.     

Hibernation "trigger" alters renal function in the primate

Macaque monkeys acclimatized to a restraint chair were fitted with indwelling venous and urinary catheters. After basal rates of urine production and creatinine clearance were determined, a 50 mg dose of plasma dialysate albumin fraction obtained from the woodchuck was administered intravenously in a total volume of 2.5 ml. Plasma fractions were collected during the winter interval of hibernation (hibernation "trigger" or HT), or during the summer active (SAWA) period. Although the SAWA fraction exerted no effects on renal function, HT caused a significant reduction in creatinine clearance. In addition, a tendency toward reduced urine flow and creatinine production occurred following the HT infusion. These findings suggest that over and above the hypothermia, aphagia and opioid-like behavioral depression induced by HT, the albumin fraction (HT) present endogenously in the woodchuck during winter torpor, exerts a direct action on the kidney of the primate, possibly on the mechanisms underlying glomerular filtration and the tubular reabsorption process.     

The Diet Quality of a Sample of Predominantly Racial Minority Children From Low-Income Households Is Lower During the Summer vs School Year: Results From the Project Summer Weight and Environmental Assessment Trial Substudy

BackgroundLittle is known about the diet quality of racial minority children during the summertime when school is out of session and there is risk of accelerated weight gain. Project Summer Weight and Environmental Assessment Trial was an observational, prospective study exploring child weight status and health trends during the summer.ObjectiveThe objective of this substudy of Project Summer Weight and Environmental Assessment Trial was to examine the diet quality of elementary-aged racial minority children during the summertime vs school year.DesignThis observational, prospective substudy was conducted from June to September 2017.Participants/settingStudents in prekindergarten through fifth grade were recruited from 2 schools located in low-income urban neighborhoods of Columbus, OH, with a predominantly Black population. Sixty-two children (39 families) enrolled.Main outcome measuresTwenty-four-hour dietary recalls (2 weekdays, 1 weekend day) were collected at 3 time points: (1) beginning of summer (T0); (2) midsummer (T1); and (3) beginning of subsequent school year (T2). Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015 total and component scores were calculated to assess diet quality. Daily calories (kilocalories) and servings of types of foods within food groups were also assessed.Statistical analysesRepeated measures analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc analyses were performed.ResultsRetention was 76% (n = 47). Mean age was 7.0 ± 0.3 years, 79% (n = 37) were African American, and 58% of participants (n = 26) reported annual household incomes ≤$20,000. HEI-2015 total score was significantly lower during the summertime vs school year (P = .02). HEI-2015 component score for whole fruits (P = .04) was also lower in the summer vs school year, along with total vegetables (P < .001), greens and beans (P < .001) specifically, and legumes (P < .001). The HEI-2015 component score for added sugars (P = .04) was significantly lower in the summer vs the school year as well, indicating a higher intake of added sugars during the summer. On the other hand, whole grains were higher during the summer vs school year (P < .01), specifically snack chips (P = .03) and popcorn (P < .01). Total daily calories did not differ between the summertime vs school year.ConclusionsIn a small sample of predominantly racial minority school-aged children from low-income households, child diet quality is better during the school year vs summer. Future research is needed to determine if and to what extent summer vs school year diet quality may be associated with differences in weight status.