以机油为分散剂高温热解人发合成新型碳点及其生物效应研究

目的以机油为分散剂高温热解人发后发现新型纳米碳点,通过动物实验评价了该碳点的生物效应。方法利用高温热解法对人发和机油进行炭化,对炭化产物进行萃取、过滤分离和透析得到一种具有水溶性的新型物质碳点,并命名为JYRF-CDs。利用透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HR-TEM)、紫外-可见分光光谱、傅里叶变换红外光谱、荧光光谱、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)等多种方法对JYRF-CDs进行表征,利用小鼠单核巨噬细胞RAW264.7细胞进行CCK-8毒性实验来评价JYRF-CDs的安全性,并通过小鼠耳肿胀实验和小鼠醋酸扭体实验对JYRF-CDs的生物效应进行评价。结果 JYRF-CDs外形为类球形,粒径均匀分布在1.8～3.6 nm,晶格间距为0.219 7 nm。细胞毒性实验结果显示,JYRF-CDs具有低毒性,动物实验结果表明JYRF-CDs具有良好的抗炎和镇痛作用。结论首次以机油为分散剂高温热解人发后发现一种全新的碳点JYRF-CDs,以JYRF-CDs为突破口,更加明确阐释以机油为分散剂高温热解人发后炭化产物具有生物效应的物质基础,为纳米类成分的研究提供了一种新方法。     

Immunomodulation of RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophage Functions and Antioxidant Activities of 11 Plant Extracts

A group of 11 medicinal plants, including Lavandula pubescens, Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Calligonum comosum, Silene succulenta, Silene villosa, Bogonvillea glabra, Cakile maritime, Gomphrene celesoids, Mirabilis jalaba, and Silene nocturna growing in Egypt, were extracted and examined for their immunomodulatory and antioxidant activities. RAW 264.7 cells were recruited to investigate the immunomodulatory effect through multiple parameters analysis. First, the proliferation index of macrophages cells was evaluated revealing that Trigonella foenugricium, Silene succulenta and Silene villosa have a significant cytotoxic effect on RAW cells. Interestingly, we observed enhancement of macrophages phagocytic function of by all extracts except Cakile maritime, Gomphrena celosioides and Silene nocturna. Afterwards, macrophages were challenged by incubation with LPS and the effect of various extracts on inflammatory responses was investigated; the generation of NO from activated macrophage was substantially suppressed by 7 extracts namely, Trigonella foenugricium, Calligonum comosum, Silene succulenta, Bougainvillea glabra, Mirabilis jalaba, Gomphrena celosioides and Silene nocturna. TNF-α was decreased by percentage range from 3.8 to 85.8% and Trigonella foenugricium extract showed the highest inhibition of TNF-α release. All extracts except Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Silene succulenta and Mirabilis jalaba significantly inhibited COX-2 production from stimulated macrophage. Moreover, evaluating the potential antioxidant activity of these extracts showed that Trigonella foenugricium, Salsola schweinforthi, Calligonum comosum, Bogonvillea glabra and Mirabilis jalaba exhibited some antioxidant activities. Taken together, our results suggest that some of these extracts may have a considerable antinflammatory and antioxidant effects and may be a potential therapeutic choice in the treatment of inflammatory diseases.     

Paeoniflorin suppresses IL-33 production by macrophages

Abstract

Objective: Interleukin (IL)-33 has been attracting more and more attention as a new member of theIL-1 cytokine family in recent years. However, the underlying mechanisms referred to the regulation of endogenous IL-33 production are not fully illustrated. Paeoniflorin (PF) has been reported to possess multiple pharmacological activities, including anti-inflammation and anti-allergy. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of PF on IL-33 production by macrophages and explore the underlying mechanisms.

Methods: In vivo, IL-33 production in mice after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection together with PF application was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In vitro, MTT, Real-time PCR, ELISA, Calcium (Ca²⁺) imaging and Western blot were used to assess the cytotoxicity of PF, IL-33 expression at mRNA and protein levels, Ca²⁺ influx, protein kinase C (PKC) activity, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages with PF administration.

Results: Our results indicated that PF (5 and 25?mg/kg) significantly reduced the production of TNF-a, IL-1β, and IL-33 in the peritoneal exudate of LPS-treated mice. In vitro assay, upregulation of PF concentration (≥ 20?μM) showed an increased cytotoxicity in RAW264.7 cells during the 24-h cell culture. PF (10?μM) inhibited IL-33 production, Ca²⁺ influx, PKC activity, NF-κB (p65) activation, and P38MAPK phosphorylation in LPS-treated macrophages. Notably, NF-κB inhibitor (BAY 11-7085), P38MAPK inhibitor (SB203580), and Ca²⁺ blocker (NiCl₂) also curbed LPS-induced IL-33 production, respectively.

Conclusions: PF suppresses IL-33 production by macrophages via inhibiting NF-κB and P38MAPK activation associated with the regulation of Ca²⁺ mobilization.     

Toll样受体信号途径在RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型炎症反应中的作用及其机制研究

目的探讨Toll样受体(TLR)2信号途径在RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型炎症反应中的作用及其分子机制。方法构建TLR2-干扰小RNA(siRNA),合成2对特异性针对TLR2基因的siRNA序列,并用于转染RAW264.7细胞。实时荧光聚合酶链反应和蛋白质印迹法检测TLR2-siRNA对干酪乳杆菌细胞壁提取物(LCWE)诱导RAW264.7细胞p38促分裂原活化的蛋白激酶(MAPK)、基质多属蛋白酶(MMP)-9表达的影响,乳胶增强免疫比浊定量法检测培养基中高敏C反应蛋白(hsCRP)水平的变化;检测p38MAPK抑制剂SB 203580对LCWE诱导RAW264.7细胞MMP-9表达的影响。结果与对照组相比,LCWE刺激组p-p38MAPK、MMP-9的表达及hs-CRP水平都有明显升高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),与LCWE刺激组相比,TLR2-siRNA+LCWE刺激组的p-p38MAPK、MMP-9表达和hs CRP水平降低,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与LCWE刺激组相比,SB203580+LCWE刺激组的MMP-9表达减轻,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 TLR2-siRNA可以有效减轻LCWE刺激造成的p-p38MAPK、MMP-9、hs-CRP表达升高。p38MAPK抑制剂SB203580对LCWE诱导RAW264.7细胞MMP-9表达有抑制作用。TLR2参与了RAW264.7细胞川崎病模型中的炎症反应,其机制可能与p38MAPK途径有关。     

The role of cyclic-AMP on arginase activity by a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans

AIMS: The aim of the present study was to determine the role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) on arginase activity in a murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7 cells) stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cells were treated with A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS for 24 h. The effects of SQ22536 (an adenylyl cyclase inhibitor), ODQ (a guanylyl cyclase inhibitor), dibutyryl cAMP (a cAMP analog), 8-bromo cyclic guanosine monophosphate (a cGMP analog), forskolin (an adenylyl cylase activator), and cycloheximide (a protein synthesis inhibitor) on arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells were also determined. Arginase activity was assessed in LPS-stimulated cells in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), siguazodan and rolipram [phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitors] as well as KT5720 [a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor]. RESULTS: Arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was suppressed by SQ22536 but not ODQ. Enhancement of arginase activity was observed in the presence of cAMP analog or forskolin but not cGMP analog. Cycloheximide blocked arginase activity in the cells in the presence of cAMP analog or forskolin with or without A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS. IBMX augmented arginase activity in A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS-stimulated cells. Rolipram (a PDE4 inhibitor) increased the levels of arginase activity higher than siguazodan (a PDE3 inhibitor) in the antigen-stimulated cells. The effect of cAMP analog or forskolin on arginase activity in the presence or absence of A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS was blocked by the PKA inhibitor (KT5720). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study suggest that A. actinomycetemcomitans LPS may stimulate arginase activity in murine macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) in a cAMP-PKA-dependent pathway.     

AngiotensinⅡ通过氧化应激引起巨噬细胞AMPK/SIRT1能量信号紊乱

目的 探讨Angiotensin II诱导巨噬细胞氧化应激反应与 AMPK/SIRT1通路活化关系的机制。方法 RAW264.7细胞正常培养后给予不同浓度的Angiotensin II（0、0.5、1、3、10、20 μmol/L）处理24 h后,Western blot 检测AMPK,p-AMPK和SIRT1的表达水平变化,和用 DCFH 探针检测 ROS 水平的变化,试剂盒检测细胞上清液中 SOD 活性和 MDA 表达量;同时采用基因编辑技术将 Angiotensin II的受体 AT1R成功沉默后给予Angiotensin II刺激,检测对AMPK,p-AMPK 和SIRT1蛋白水平的影响以及使用ROS 的抑制剂来观察细胞AMPK和SIRT1的变化情况。结果 20 μmol/L的Angiotensin II的刺激能显著抑制蛋白AMPK的磷酸化（P<0.05）,抑制SIRT1 的表达;同时增加了细胞ROS的释放（P<0.05）。在检测SOD活性和MDA表达量时, 0.5~10 μmol/L的 Angiotensin II对细胞无明显改变（P>0.05）,20 μmol/L 的 Angiotensin II 明显抑制SOD 活性（P<0.05）,能显著增加 MDA 的产生。沉默了AT1R后,Angiotensin II不能抑制AMPK蛋白磷酸化以及对SIRT1的表达无明显下调作用;使用ROS 抑制剂后,Angiotensin II处理无法降低细胞磷酸化AMPK 和SIRT1的表达。结论 Angiotensin II通过诱导巨噬细胞发生氧化应激反应从而引起AMPK/SIRT1信号通路的紊乱。     

苏木酮A对大鼠类风湿性关节炎的治疗作用

目的探究苏木Caesalpinia sappan的活性成分苏木酮A对大鼠类风湿性关节炎(rheumatoid arthritis,RA)的治疗作用。方法以牛Ⅱ型胶原蛋白诱导建立RA大鼠模型,以苏木酮A(50mg/kg)进行干预,考察大鼠足容积变化,对大鼠踝关节组织进行病理分析,采用免疫组化考察大鼠踝关节组织中白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(matrix metalloproteinase-9,MMP-9)表达。以脂多糖诱导Raw264.7细胞建立炎症细胞模型,考察苏木酮A对Raw264.7细胞上清液中一氧化氮和IL-6水平的影响。结果苏木酮A显著降低RA大鼠足容积(P<0.05),改善RA大鼠踝关节滑膜组织损伤,抑制RA大鼠踝关节滑膜组织中IL-6、TNF-α和MMP-9的表达。苏木酮A显著抑制脂多糖诱导的Raw264.7细胞上清液中一氧化氮和IL-6水平(P<0.01)。结论苏木酮A可有效缓解大鼠RA。     

Biologic Activity of Porphyromonas endodontalis Complex Lipids

Introduction

Periapical infections secondary to pulpal necrosis are associated with bacterial contamination of the pulp. Porphyromonas endodontalis, a gram-negative organism, is considered to be a pulpal pathogen. P. gingivalis is phylogenetically related to P. endodontalis and synthesizes several classes of novel complex lipids that possess biological activity, including the capacity to promote osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast activation. The purpose of this study was to extract and characterize constituent lipids of P. endodontalis and evaluate their capacity to promote proinflammatory secretory responses in the macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, as well as their capacity to promote osteoclastogenesis and inhibit osteoblast activity.

Methods

Constituent lipids of both organisms were fractionated by high-performance liquid chromatography and were structurally characterized using electrospray mass spectrometry or electrospray-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. The virulence potential of P. endodontalis lipids was then compared with known biologically active lipids isolated from P. gingivalis.

Results

P. endodontalis total lipids were shown to promote tumor necrosis factor alpha secretion from RAW 264.7 cells, and the serine lipid fraction appeared to account for the majority of this effect. P. endodontalis lipid preparations also increased osteoclast formation from RAW 264.7 cells, but osteoblast differentiation in culture was inhibited and appeared to be dependent on Toll-like receptor 2 expression.

Conclusions

These effects underscore the importance of P. endodontalis lipids in promoting inflammatory and bone cell activation processes that could lead to periapical pathology.     

丹酚酸B对小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变和巨噬细胞胞葬作用的影响及其机制

探讨丹酚酸B（Sal B）对小鼠动脉粥样硬化病变和氧化型低密度脂蛋白（ox-LDL）诱导的小鼠巨噬细胞胞葬作用的影响,阐明Sal B抗动脉粥样硬化的作用机制。     

Raw264.7细胞蛋白和PD-L1抗体在小鼠黑色素瘤(B16)中的抑瘤效果评价

目的探讨小鼠来源白血病毒诱导的肿瘤细胞(Raw264.7)蛋白和程序性死亡-配体(PD-L1)在C57BL/6小鼠黑色素瘤(B16)中的抑瘤效果。方法采用6~8周龄清洁级C57BL/6小鼠30只(雌雄各半),平均分为3组。各组小鼠分别于皮下接种B16细胞(2×10⁵个/只),待小鼠肿瘤平均体积达到100 mm³时,给予治疗。group A:腹腔注射Raw264.7细胞蛋白(50μg/只),每周1次,共2次。group B:腹腔注射PD-L1抗体(600μg/只,本课题组生产纯化),每3天1次,共4次。group C:相同时间点给予等体积生理盐水对照。各组小鼠给药后,测量肿瘤大小,末次测量后,各组小鼠无菌取脾脏,应用流式细胞术分析CD3/4/8⁺T细胞群比例。结果各组荷瘤小鼠给予相应治疗后,组C小鼠肿瘤体积增长迅速,末次测量平均体积达到4004 mm³;组B小鼠增长次之,末次平均体积达到1637 mm³;组A小鼠体积增长最慢,末次平均体积仅为882 mm³(P<0.01)。对小鼠脾脏免疫细胞分析显示,组B小鼠中CD3⁺CD8⁺T cell比例明显上调,平均达到77.65%,而CD3⁺CD4⁺T比例明显下调,仅为11.86%(P<0.01);而组A和组C两组小鼠CD3⁺CD4⁺T和CD3⁺CD8⁺T没有明显区别(P>0.05)。结论制备的RAW264.7细胞灭活蛋白和PD-L1抗体对于B16荷瘤小鼠均有抑瘤作用,且前者效果更为明显。