Psychosocial factors influencing the eating behaviours of older adults: A systematic review

Our understanding of how eating behaviours change in later life have been dominated by the studies of physiological and biological influences on malnutrition. Insights from these studies were consequently used to develop interventions, which are predominantly aimed at rectifying nutritional deficiencies, as opposed to interventions that may enable older adults to eat well and enjoy their food-related life well into older age. The objective of the present review is to summarise the existing knowledge base on psychosocial influences on eating behaviours in later life. Following comprehensive searches, review, and appraisal, 53 articles were included (22 qualitative and 31 quantitative) to provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the psychosocial factors influencing eating behaviours. Our analysis identified eight underpinning psychosocial factors that influences eating behaviours in later life; (1) health awareness & attitudes, (2) food decision making, (3) perceived dietary control, (4) mental health & mood, (5) food emotions & enjoyment, (6) eating arrangements, (7) social facilitation, and (8) social support. The importance and lasting influence of early food experiences were also identified as contributing to eating behaviours in later life. The review concludes with the call for further investigation into specific psychosocial factors that influence eating behaviour, calls for improvements in methodologies, and a summary of psychosocial barriers and enablers to eating well in later life.     

Similarities and reciprocal influences in eating behavior within sibling pairs: a longitudinal study

The present study investigated similarities and reciprocal influences in emotional, external and restrained eating in adolescent siblings, and the moderating role of sex and quality of relationship. A total of 415 sibling pairs (aged 13-16 years) participated in this two-wave one-year longitudinal study. Analyses were conducted by means of Structural Equation Modeling. Cross-sectional findings demonstrated that siblings are moderately similar in their eating behavior. Longitudinal findings showed that the younger siblings exert a small influence on the emotional and external eating behavior of the older siblings. No support was found for the older siblings affecting the younger siblings in their eating behavior. Furthermore, no sex differences were found in the associations between sibling eating behaviors within and over time. However, we did find a moderating effect for the quality of the relationship concerning similarities in emotional eating. Future research focusing on various sociocultural influences on adolescents' eating behaviors should also include younger siblings.     

中国慢病老年人抑郁现状与影响因素分析

目的 研究中国城乡慢病老年人的抑郁现状及影响因素。方法 以2015年CHARLS 数据库中3 194名60岁及以上的慢病老人为研究对象,利用二分类logistic回归模型研究城乡慢病老年人的抑郁现状与影响因素之间的关系。结果 慢病老人的抑郁症状有城乡差异（χ2 = 66.374,P＜0.001）,其中城镇组的抑郁率为28.9%,农村组为44.6%。多因素分析显示,城市组特有的保护因素有年龄≧75岁（OR = 0.50,95%CI = 0.29～0.83）,农村组特有的危险因素有女性(OR = 1.89,95%CI = 1.53～2.33)、65～69岁(OR = 1.50,95%CI = 1.19～1.90)、3种慢病(OR = 1.59,95%CI = 1.21～2.09)、3种慢病以上（OR = 2.52,95%CI = 1.84～3.47）、独居(OR = 1.30,95%CI = 1.02～1.56)。结论 我国农村慢病老人相比城镇组抑郁检出率高,应针对高危人群采取预防控制措施,以促进慢病老人身心健康公平、均衡发展。     

循证护理对精神分裂症患者社会功能康复的影响研究

目的：分析循证护理对精神分裂症患者社会功能康复的影响。方法：将37例精神分裂症患者分为研究组和对照组,给予对照组常规护理,给予研究组循证护理。结果：两组患者实施护理前的简明精神病量表评分、社会功能缺陷筛选量表评分比较无明显差异（P＞0．05）,研究组护理后1周的量表评分低于对照组（P＜0．05）,护理后的SDSS评分低于对照组（P＜0．05）。结论：循证护理能够促进精神分裂症患者社会功能早日康复。     

Rethinking theoretical approaches to stigma: a Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS)

A resurgence of research and policy efforts on stigma both facilitates and forces a reconsideration of the levels and types of factors that shape reactions to persons with conditions that engender prejudice and discrimination. Focusing on the case of mental illness but drawing from theories and studies of stigma across the social sciences, we propose a framework that brings together theoretical insights from micro, meso and macro level research: Framework Integrating Normative Influences on Stigma (FINIS) starts with Goffman's notion that understanding stigma requires a language of social relationships, but acknowledges that individuals do not come to social interaction devoid of affect and motivation. Further, all social interactions take place in a context in which organizations, media and larger cultures structure normative expectations which create the possibility of marking "difference". Labelling theory, social network theory, the limited capacity model of media influence, the social psychology of prejudice and discrimination, and theories of the welfare state all contribute to an understanding of the complex web of expectations shaping stigma. FINIS offers the potential to build a broad-based scientific foundation based on understanding the effects of stigma on the lives of persons with mental illness, the resources devoted to the organizations and families who care for them, and policies and programs designed to combat stigma. We end by discussing the clear implications this framework holds for stigma reduction, even in the face of conflicting results.     

医院中药房管理对中药汤剂疗效的影响

现在中医治病时常会出现病准,方对,药不灵的现象。造成这种现象的主要因素包括中药饮片质量、中药炮制质量、中药调剂质量、中药煎煮质量,这几个方面也是中药房需要加强管理的内容。根据多年的工作经验,将中药房管理对中药汤剂临床疗效的影响因素进行总结、分析,说明加强中药房管理的重要性,身为一名中药工作者一定要严格把关,确保患者用药安全有效。     

乳糖酸红霉素溶媒选择分析

临床对乳糖酸红霉素使用方法不一,为了进一步证明其能否与生理盐水、葡萄糖注射液直接混合后使用,本研究采用简单的实验对比观察结果,再通过查阅相关文献得出结论,希望能给临床一些参考及帮助。     

Patients’ perceptions of generic drugs in Greece

The use of generic drugs is growing increasingly around the world and in Greece, in particular, in order to reduce pharmaceutical expenditure. However, patients’ perceptions and attitudes about generics have only partially been studied so far in Greece.ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine the factors that influence the attitude of patients and consumers regarding generic drugs.MethodsA questionnaire survey of 364 patients visiting a pharmacy was conducted. The questionnaire consisted of 29 questions, including questions regarding their knowledge about generics, the reasons for using them, their previous experience, their willingness for generic substitution, and the factors behind these choices.ResultsNearly half of the participants in the survey know the term ‘generic’ and that it has a lower price compared to the brand name drug. Their views on safety and efficacy vary significantly and the main source of information on generics is the media and the internet. The lack of knowledge is the main barrier for attitudes of doctors. Health professionals play the most influential role for the substitution of a branded drug by a generic, followed by the cost of the generic.ConclusionsAlmost half of the patients know about generic drugs, with their lower price being the most popular feature which most patients are familiar with. It seems that primarily the doctor and, subsequently the pharmacist play the most important role in a patient's decision to replace his/her medicine with a generic.