Intraoperative cerebral blood flow monitoring in neurosurgery: A review of contemporary technologies and emerging perspectives

Intraoperative monitoring of cerebral blood flow (CBF) has become an invaluable adjunct to vascular and oncological neurosurgery, reducing the risk of postoperative morbidity and mortality. Several technologies have been developed during the last two decades, including laser-based techniques, videomicroscopy, intraoperative MRI, indocyanine green angiography, and thermography. Although these technologies have been thoroughly studied and clinically applied outside the operative room, current practice lacks an optimal technology that perfectly fits the workflow within the neurosurgical operative room. The different available technologies have specific strengths but suffer several drawbacks, mainly including limited spatial and/or temporal resolution. An optimal CBF monitoring technology should meet particular criteria for intraoperative use: excellent spatial and temporal resolution, integration in the operative workflow, real-time quantitative monitoring, ease of use, and non-contact technique. We here review the main contemporary technologies for intraoperative CBF monitoring and their current and potential future applications in neurosurgery.     

关节镜单隧道悬吊固定治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折

目的探讨关节镜下单隧道悬吊固定治疗前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折的方法和临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2015年3月至2018年1月间27例膝关节前交叉韧带胫骨止点撕脱骨折患者,男19例,女8例,年龄平均(28±8)岁,排除骨质疏松、病理性骨折等。骨折按Meyers-Mckeever分型,Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型14例,Ⅳ型4例。本组患者均采用关节镜下单隧道缝线环绕固定方法治疗。定期复查X片观察骨折愈合情况,Lysholm评分系统评价膝关节功能,疼痛采用视觉模拟法(VAS)进行评定;主观因素包括肿胀、关节稳定性及参加工作满意度;记录并发症。术前术后评分比较采用配对样本t检验。 结果术后随访平均(18±6)个月。骨折均在3个月内愈合,无感染、内固定松动等并发症。27例患者膝关节功能恢复正常,26例患者末次随访Lachman试验及前抽屉试验均阴性,1例患者随访体检时膝关节Ⅱ°松弛,自诉无腿软不稳现象。视觉模拟VAS评分平均为(1.0±0.6)分。术前膝关节Lysholm评分(42±9),末次随访膝关节Lysholm评分(90±6),差异有统计学意义(t ＝22.365,P <0.01)。主观评价所有患者日常生活无明显影响。 结论关节镜下单隧道悬吊固定缝线技术治疗前交叉韧带止点撕脱骨折,手术操作创伤小,简单方便,骨折复位固定牢靠,术后功能恢复快,是一种较理想的手术方法。     

踝关节骨折合并下胫腓联合损伤的诊治策略

目的通过踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合损伤临床诊断、治疗、疗效的分析,探索较为优化的诊疗方案。方法手术治疗踝关节骨折伴下胫腓联合损伤75例,其中男51例,女24例,年龄18～72岁,平均42岁。根据损伤机制、损伤类型、受伤时间、软组织情况,实施术前正确评估、术中解剖复位固定、术后渐进性康复等策略。其中急诊手术组40例,择期手术组35例。随访观察治疗效果并进行疗效评定。结果75例均获得随访,随访时间5—24个月,平均13个月。根据Baird—Jackson踝关节功能评分标准进行疗效评价,急诊手术组优良率87．5％。择期手术组优良率85．7％,总优良率86．7％。急诊手术组与择期手术组疗效评定中各项指标差异无统计学意义。结论只有非常重视软组织情况,充分利用辅助检查手段,术前仔细评估,术中解剖复位固定,术后处理到位,早期康复,才能重新获得一个无痛的、满意的踝关节。     

CT数字重建技术测量经骶椎后方骶髂关节螺钉固定应用解剖参数

目的 测量经骶椎后方骶髂关节螺钉（sacroiliac screw passing the back of sacrum,SISPTBOS）固定的相关解剖参数,为临床应用提供依据。 方法 分析32例骨盆正常的成人三维CT重建图像,观察SISPTBOS钉道范围,采用CT数字重建技术模拟植入SISPTBOS,测量钉道有关解剖参数,包括钉道长度（L）、进针点与S1上关节中央的距离（M1）、出针点与髋臼后上缘的距离（M2）、前倾角（e）、外倾角（f）、矢状面安全角（a）、冠状面安全角（b）、矢状面钉道最小直径（d1）和冠状面钉道最小直径（d2）。 结果 钉道内侧壁为弓状线,外侧壁为椎管后外侧壁和髂骨外层,下壁为S1骶孔与坐骨切迹的连线,上壁为骶骨翼斜坡、骶髂关节表面和大骨盆底部。L为（11.90±1.62） cm,M1为（2.07±1.40） mm,M2为（4.78±2.57） mm,e为（57.97±4.28）°,f为（54.89±5.13）°,a为（11.45±2.73）°,b为（7.46±1.34）°,d1为（8.57 ± 0.99）mm,d2为（6.75±0.84） mm。男女比较,仅e和f存在显著性差异（P<0.05）。 结论 可选择直径5.0~6.0 mm、长度9~10 cm螺钉作为SISPTBOS固定。该通道植入螺钉可行,较为安全。     

C型股骨远端骨折手术内固定疗效分析

目的 探讨钢板与逆行交锁髓内钉内固定治疗C型股骨远端骨折的临床疗效.方法 55例股骨远端骨折行手术内固定治疗,其中钢板螺钉固定27例,逆行交锁髓内钉固定28例.观察两组术后骨折愈合时间和HSS膝关节功能评分变化.结果 钢板组骨折愈合时间3～10个月,平均(4.8±1.0)个月;髓内钉组骨折愈合时间3～18个月,平均(5.0±1.1)个月,两组骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).钢板组功能评分(89.7±11.6)分,优20例,良4例,可2例,差1例,优良率88.9％;髓内钉组(89.3±12.8)分,优21例,良4例,可2例,差1例,优良率89.3％,钢板组术后膝关节HSS评分与髓内钉组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 钢板螺钉内固定治疗股骨远端骨折疗效与逆行交锁髓内钉内固定疗效相当,均能取得良好效果.     

心房颤动患者血栓前状态及血栓形成与内皮功能关系的研究进展

心房颤动患者血栓前状态及血栓形成与内皮细胞受损的关系密切,二者常相互加重而形成恶性循环,本文简要综述了近年来对二者关系的研究状况,提出除常规的抗凝治疗之外,积极改善患者内皮功能对于纠治血栓前状态、减少栓塞事件的发生将具有重要临床意义的新思路。     

Single pore translocation of folded,double-stranded,and tetra-stranded DNA through channel of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor

The elegant architecture of the channel of bacteriophage phi29 DNA packaging motor has inspired the development of biomimetics for biophysical and nanobiomedical applications. The reengineered channel inserted into a lipid membrane exhibits robust electrophysiological properties ideal for precise sensing and fingerprinting of dsDNA at the single-molecule level. Herein, we used single channel conduction assays to quantitatively evaluate the translocation dynamics of dsDNA as a function of the length and conformation of dsDNA. We extracted the speed of dsDNA translocation from the dwell time distribution and estimated the various forces involved in the translocation process. A ∼35-fold slower speed of translocation per base-pair was observed for long dsDNA, a significant contrast to the speed of dsDNA crossing synthetic pores. It was found that the channel could translocate both dsDNA with ∼32% of channel current blockage and with ∼64% for tetra-stranded DNA (two parallel dsDNA). The calculation of both cross-sectional areas of the dsDNA and tetra-stranded DNA suggested that the blockage was purely proportional to the physical space of the channel lumen and the size of the DNA substrate. Folded dsDNA configuration was clearly reflected in their characteristic current signatures. The finding of translocation of tetra-stranded DNA with 64% blockage is in consent with the recently elucidated mechanism of viral DNA packaging via a revolution mode that requires a channel larger than the dsDNA diameter of 2 nm to provide room for viral DNA revolving without rotation. The understanding of the dynamics of dsDNA translocation in the phi29 system will enable us to design more sophisticated single pore DNA translocation devices for future applications in nanotechnology and personal medicine.     

Versatile antimicrobial peptide-based ZnO quantum dots for in vivo bacteria diagnosis and treatment with high specificity

AbstractThe increased mortality caused by pathogenic bacterial infection calls for early infection diagnosis and effective antibiotic alternatives. In this work, we developed a fluorescent nano-probe named ZnO@PEP-MPA by conjugating BSA-stabilized ZnO quantum dot (ZnO@BSA) with UBI_29-41, an anti-bacteria peptide fragment, and MPA, a near infrared (NIR) dye. The nanoprobe ZnO@PEP-MPA exhibited low cytotoxicity and could discriminate the bacterial infection from sterile inflammation or cancer in vivo with high specificity and low detection limitation. Based on the platform of ZnO@PEP-MPA, a theranostic nanocomposite, Van@ZnO-PEP-MPA was firstly established by further decorating ZnO@PEP-MPA with Vancomycin, a kind of glycopeptide antibiotic, which demonstrated enhanced antibacterial activity and desirable biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, another antibiotic methicillin was immobilized onto ZnO@PEP-MPA, forming Met@ZnO-PEP-MPA and demonstrated significant improved capability to combat with the anti-methicillin-resistant-bacteria in comparison with free methicillin as a result of the increased cell membrane permeation mediated by ZnO@BSA-PEP-MPA. Therefore, ZnO-PEP-MPA reported in this work holds promising potential to realize efficient non-invasive diagnosis of bacterial infections, providing important guiding information for treatment, and can be employed as drug carriers for effective bacterial-targeting therapy, favorable to hurdle multi-drug resistance after being loaded with antibiotics.     

Comparison of pre-injury recalled Health Status (HS) data of trauma patients and HS of the general population

PurposeSignificant differences exist between retrospectively collected pre-injury Health Status (HS) of trauma patients and the HS of the general population. Compared to the general population, the trauma population includes a larger proportion of individuals with a low level of socio-economic status. The aim was to compare retrospectively collected pre-injury HS with HS of a sample of Dutch individuals not only adjusted for age and gender, but also for educational level.MethodsWithin three months post-trauma, pre-injury HS (n = 2987) was collected by using the EuroQol-five-dimension-3-level (EQ-5D-3L) questionnaire. Data were abstracted from the Brabant Injury Outcome Surveillance. The reference cohort (n = 1839) included a sample of the Dutch general population. Multiple regression was used to compare HS of both cohorts.ResultsA higher recalled pre-injury EQ-5D-3L score of the injury cohort was reported compared to the HS of the reference cohort after adjustment for age (β = 0.014 [95% CI: 0.001,0.027] for males and β = 0.018 [95% CI: −0.001, 0.036] for females). After adjustment for age and educational level, the Beta showed a ≥10% increasement: males; unadjusted β = 0.006 [95% CI: −0.007, 0.019] to β = 0.014 [95% CI: 0.001, 0.027] after age adjustment to β = 0.020 [95% CI: 0.007, 0.033] after adjustment for age and educational level, females; unadjusted β = −0.018 [95% CI: −0.035, −0.001] to β = 0.018 [95% CI: −0.001, 0.036] after age adjustments to β = 0.025 [95% CI: 0.007, 0.043] after adjustments for age and educational level. After adjustment for age, gender and educational level, the injury cohort reported prior to the trauma less problems on the ‘pain/discomfort’ (OR = 0.522 [95% CI: 0.454, 0.602]) and the ‘anxiety/depression’ (OR = 0.745 [95% CI: 0.619, 0.897]) dimensions, as compared to the reference cohort. In contrast, the injury cohort reported significantly more problems on the ‘self-care’ dimension (OR = 1.497 [95% CI: 0.1.112, 2.016]) prior to the trauma.ConclusionsInjured patients report better recalled pre-injury HS compared to the HS of the reference cohort. After adjustment for educational level, the difference in HS between the injury cohort and the reference cohort increases, underlining that other confounders might also influence HS.