Severe accidental hypothermia: rewarming strategy using a veno-venous bypass system and a convective air warmer

Objective: To study a rewarming strategy for patients with severe accidental hypothermia using a simple veno-venous bypass in combination with a convective air warmer. Setting: Eighteen beds in a university hospital intensive care unit. Patients: Four adults admitted with a core temperature less than 30 °C. Hypothermia was caused by alcoholic intoxication in three patients and by drug overdose in one patient. Measurements and main results: All patients were rewarmed by a veno-venous bypass and in three cases a convective air warmer was also used. At a bypass flow rate of 100–300 ml/min the mean increase in core temperature was 1.15 °C/h (Range: 1.1–1.2 °C/h). One patient died 2 days after rewarming as a consequence of a reactivated pancreatitis. The other three patients survived without neurological sequelae. Conclusion: This rewarming technique seems safe and effective and allowed the controlled rewarming of our patients who suffered from severe accidental hypothermia Received: 15 September 1998 Final revision received: 4 January 1999 Accepted: 11 February 1999     

复温速度对重症颅脑外伤亚低温神经保护的初步研究

目的探讨不同复温速度对重症颅脑外伤亚低温神经保护作用的影响。方法将39例亚低温治疗的重症颅脑外伤患者随机分为Ⅰ组(n=13,复温速度0.1℃/h)、Ⅱ组(n=13,复温速度0.2℃/h)及Ⅲ组(n=13,复温速度0.3℃/h)。治疗过程中动态监测颅内压、心率、血压、脉氧饱和度,每日测定血糖、血细胞分析、血气分析、凝血功能、肝肾功能、电解质,每日进行GCS评分,并于伤后3个月根据格拉斯哥预后分级(GOS)评定疗效。结果复温达36.5℃时及达标后24 hⅢ组颅内压监测(ICP)明显高于Ⅰ组,有统计学意义(P<0.05);复温达标后72 h GCSⅠ组、Ⅱ组均高于Ⅲ组,有统计学意义(P<0.05),Ⅰ组高于Ⅱ组,但无统计学意义;3个月时Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组GOS明显优于Ⅲ组(P<0.05),Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组间比较无明显差异;复温达36.5℃时及达标后24 hⅢ组血糖明显高于Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论较慢的复温速度可改善脑灌注,减轻脑水肿,有效保护神经功能并改善预后。     

不同复温方法对兔低温复温时血清肌酸激酶与脂质过氧化物含量的影响

目的：观察三种复温方法对体温过低兔的效果及低温复温时血清肌酸激酶（ＣＫ）和脂质过氧化物（ＬＰＯ）含量的影响，同时探讨电磁局部高热在复温中的应用价值。方法：随机选择２８只家兔浸于冷水中使其平均直肠温度降至２５．６℃，随后以三种不同方法复温至直肠温度３５℃。结果：复温方法平均耗时为：温水浴法７５分钟，电磁局部高温法８９分钟，自然复温法４７１分钟；血清ＣＫ、ＬＰＯ含量在低体温期增加，复温后上升更加明显。结论：电磁局部高温法是一种简便、快速的复温方法；血清ＣＫ、ＬＰＯ的增加说明体温过低对组织有一定损伤，表现为组织细胞的抗氧化能力减弱。     

综合性复温措施在老年股骨转子间骨折病人术后护理中的应用

目的 探讨综合性复温措施在老年股骨转子间骨折病人术后临床护理工作中的应用效果.方法 选取2014年2月至2016年1月我院收治的86例老年股骨转子间骨折手术病人,根据随机数字表法分为综合复温组和常规复温组,每组43例.常规复温组实行常规复温法(液体加温),综合复温组采取综合性复温措施(升高环境温度、加热床上用品、运送过程中保暖、营养支持等).比较两组病人的复温速度、髋关节Harris评分、感染率、首次活动时间、完全负重时间、住院时间及应激程度.结果 根据髋关节Harris评分标准,综合复温组的优良率为79.07％(34/43),常规复温组为74.42％(32/43),差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.260,P=0.182);综合复温组的感染率为2.33％(1/43),明显低于常规复温组的16.28％(7/43),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.960,P=0.029).综合复温组病人的复温速度、首次活动时间、完全负重时间及住院时间分别为(0.53±0.19)℃/h、(4.21±1.45)h、(4.95±1.26)周、(5.03±1.39)d,均优于常规复温组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05);综合复温组术后的肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素、肾素值分别为(105.39±38.14)μg/L、(126.89±26.22)μg/L、(3.24±1.48)μg/L,明显低于常规复温组,差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 老年股骨转子间骨折手术病人采用综合性复温措施不但复温速度更快,且能有效降低感染发生率,减轻应激反应,缩短恢复时间.     

兔肢体爆炸伤合并海水浸泡后在不同复温速率及维持浅低体温下机体炎症反应的特征

Objective To investigate effects of different rewarming rates and maintenance of light hypothermia on inflammatory response in rabbits after limb blast injury, coupled with seawater immersion. Methods First, the model of limb blast injury coupled with seawater immersion was reproduced [the animals were immersed to low body temperature of (31.0±0.5℃)]. Then, 24 adult rabbits were randomly divided into group Ⅰ [the rapid rewarming group, n=6, rewarmed to (38±0.5)℃ at a rate of (8.94±0.93)℃/h], group Ⅱ [the slow rewarming group, n=6, rewarmed to (38±0.5)℃ at a rate of (3.88±0.22)℃/h], group Ⅲ [another slow rewarming group, n=6, rewarmed to (38±0.5)℃ at a rate of (2.18±0.12)℃/h], and the H group [the hypothermia group, n =6, rewarmed to (34 - 35)℃ at a rate of (4.49±0.66)℃/h and kept at that temperature till termination of the experiment]. Regulation of ambient temperature and warm transfusion were used to restore body temperature to target levels and maintained there for 6 hours. Blood samples were taken at 5 different times, I.e. Pre-injury time(T0), post-immersion time (T1), the time when rewarming started (T2), 3 h after rewarming (T3), and 6 h after rewarming (T4). Tissue samples from heart, liver, intestinum, lung and kidney were also collected. Levels of TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-α), IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and IL-6 (interleukin-6) in plasma and MPO (myeloperoxidase) in homogenate were detected. Results Following rewarming, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 concentrations in the plasma of the animals in group Ⅰ and group H were significantly higher when compared with those of the animals in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ (P<0.05, P<0.01), and MPO activity in homogenate was significantly higher when compared with that of the animals in group Ⅱ and group Ⅲ(P<0.01, P<0.05), and no statistical difference could be seen between group Ⅱ and Ⅲ (P>0.05). Conclusions Rapid rewarming and maintenance of light hypothermia could obviously elevate TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 concentrations in plasma and MPO activity in homogenate, following limb blast injury coupled with hypothermia induced by seawater immersion, while slow rewarming (with a rewarming rate of 2-4℃/h) could significantly inhibit TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 levels and PMN activity.     

充气温控毯用于神经外科手术患者的控温效果

目的评价充气温控毯用于神经外科手术患者的控温效果。方法40例择期行平卧位脑肿瘤切除术患者,年龄16—65岁,体重41-72 kg,ASAⅠ-Ⅲ级,随机分为2组(n=20):A组,术中充气温控毯24℃风档进行降温,肿瘤切除完毕前30 min进行复温;B组,术中充气温控毯维持中心温度正常(35．2—36．60℃)。均采用气管内静吸复合麻醉,静脉注射异丙酚1．5～2 mg／kg、芬太尼4-6μg／kg、维库溴铵0．1～0．2 mg／kg诱导,吸入0．6％-1．2％异氟醚维持;吸入氧浓度40％;异丙酚1．5～2 mg·kg-1·h-1持续输注;维库溴铵1～2 mg间断静脉注射。每5分钟记录1次中心温度(鼻咽温),观察围术期不良反应及并发症。结果A组2例患者因手术时间超过24 h剔除,共38例进行统计。A组患者降温速率(1．11±0．05)℃／h,复温速率(0．74±0．09)℃／h。A组患者89％(16/18)在硬脑膜打开前达到目标温度34℃,平台期平均中心温度(34．3±0．5)℃,距34℃最大升幅0．52℃,最大降幅为0．23℃。A组患者67％(12／18)手术结束时中心温度恢复正常。返回ICU后A组患者中心温度(返回ICU时实测温度的均值)(35．8±0．6)℃低于B组(36．6±0．4)℃(P<0．05)。A组患者4例术后出现寒颤、3例发热、1例死亡。结论神经外科手术中应用充气温控毯可较理想地降低体温,相对于降温效率其复温效率偏低。     

The Rewarming Index Formula for Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Perfusion

Careful rewarming of perfusion blood following cardiopulmonary bypass surgery is critical to a successful outcome, but the optimal rewarming strategy is not clear. The purpose of this study was to derive a formula for a rewarming index (defined as [rewarming time × perfusion flow]/[body weight × body surface area]) that would enable the calculation of the ideal rewarming conditions for pediatric cardiopulmonary perfusion. We retrospectively investigated 220 pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass operations conducted from July 2005 to June 2008 in Okayama University Hospital, Japan. We determined the formula as Φ = (T × Q)/(R × S) = |0.9127P ? 0.0152|, where Φ = rewarming index, T = rewarming time (min), Q = perfusion volume (L), R = body weight (kg), S = body surface area (m²), and P = temperature gap (). The formula will help those who perform pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass surgery to establish ideal perfusion flow conditions and to control physiological temperature during rewarming.     

深低温体外循环温度管理

目的探讨深低温体外循环(Extracorporeal c ircu lation,ECC)温度管理策略。方法选取15例夹层动脉瘤患者在深低温停循环下行主动脉弓部手术,ECC复温过程中采用平衡变温方法进行温度管理,用pH稳态管理酸碱平衡,合理应用药物。结果动脉血气指标PaCO2及pH值等维持在正常范围内,全组无神经系统等重要脏器并发症,无术后明显体温降低。结论深低温下采用pH稳态血气管理、平衡复温、合理应用药物等综合措施,能取得满意的临床效果。     

危重病患者亚低温复温的护理进展

本文旨在研究危重病患者临床应用亚低温复温的方法、护理措施及并发症等方面的国内外护理现状,对已有的护理研究进展加以归纳和总结,改善亚低温复温的流程及操作规范,降低患者的致残率与死亡率,提高其生存质量,减轻患者及其家属的精神负担,进一步完善临床护理工作,提高护理质量.     

Relationship between blood, nasopharyngeal and urinary bladder temperature during intravascular cooling for therapeutic hypothermia after cardiac arrest

Objectives

Therapeutic hypothermia improves survival and neurological outcome in patients successfully resuscitated after cardiac arrest. Accurate temperature control during cooling is essential to prevent cooling-related side effects.

Methods

Prospective observational study of 12 patients assessed during therapeutic hypothermia (32-34 °C) achieved by intravascular cooling following cardiac arrest. Simultaneous temperature measurements were taken using a Swan-Ganz catheter (blood temperature BLT), nasopharyngeal probe (nasopharyngeal temperature NPT) and the urinary bladder catheter (urinary bladder temperature UBT). A total of 1728 measurements (144 measurements per patient) were recorded over a 48-h period and analyzed. Blood temperature was considered as the reference measurement.

Results

Temperature profiles obtained from BLT, NPT and UBT compared with the use of analysis of variance did not differ significantly. Pearson correlation revealed that the correlation between BLT and NPT as well as BLT and UBT was statistically significant (r = 0.96, p < 0.001 and r = 0.95, p < 0.001, respectively). Bland-Altman analysis proved that the agreement between all measurements was satisfactory and the differences were not clinically important.

Conclusions

In 12 post-cardiac arrest patients undergoing intravascular cooling, both nasopharyngeal and urinary bladder temperature measurements were similar to blood temperatures measured using a pulmonary artery catheter.