非诺贝特上调血管内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶的表达

目的:观察PPARα激动剂非诺贝特对牛主动脉(BAECs)内皮细胞一氧化氮合酶(eNOS)活性和表达的影响。方法:制备5-9代BAECs,加入不同浓度的非诺贝特(0, 5, 10, 50, 100 μmol/L)后,用NOS Assay Kit测定eNOS活性,RT-PCR法检测eNOS mRNA表达,Western blot分析检测eNOS蛋白质表达。结果: 非诺贝特以浓度和时间依赖的方式增加eNOS活性,非诺贝特浓度10 μmol/L以上时,明显增加eNOS活性。50μmol/L非诺贝特处理48 h时eNOS活性最大(为对照组的2.32±0.47倍,P<0.01)。非诺贝特处理1 h和12 h不增加eNOS活性。RT-PCR分析表明,非诺贝特浓度大于5 μmol/L以上时,明显增加eNOS mRNA水平,在非诺贝特浓度为50 μmol/L时作用最大,为对照组的2.08±0.33倍(P<0.01)。此作用在6 h时出现,持续到48 h。Western blot显示,非诺贝特处理48 h,eNOS蛋白表达明显增加,在浓度为10,50 和100 μmol/L时,eNOS蛋白表达分别为对照组的1.80±0.45, 2.70±0.42 和 2.20±0.32 倍,均P<0.01。在非诺贝特处理12 h后出现,持续到48 h。结论:PPARα激动剂非诺贝特增加BAECs eNOS基因表达,提高eNOS活性及增加蛋白表达。     

高脂血症患者血流剪切率的变化及对血管功能的影响

目的：观察高脂血症患者血流剪切率的变化特点及探讨非诺贝特提高血管舒张功能的机制。方法:以20例正常人、62例高甘油三酯血症病人(其中30例予以饮食治疗、32例予非诺贝特治疗)为观察对象，以肱动脉B超测量血流、血管弹性和舒张功能等指标，检测血浆一氧化氮(NO)、氧化型低密度脂蛋白(Ox-LDL)、血脂的变化。结果:高甘油三酯血症病人超声显示平均血流剪切率（MSR）、血流介导的扩张效应(FMD)和血管弹性指标Da、Dr显著小于正常对照组，而平均血管壁紧张度(MCWT)显著大于正常对照组；血Ox-LDL浓度高于、NO水平低于正常对照组，且NO与MSR、 FMD水平呈正相关，与甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和Ox-LDL浓度呈负相关。8周的低脂饮食治疗可使TC、TG水平下降，但NO、Ox-LDL和血管超声指标未见显著改变；非诺贝特治疗组血管超声MSR 、FMD显著高于对照组，血TG、TC、LDL-C和Ox-LDL浓度低于、NO水平高于对照组。结论:高甘油三酯血症时MSR的下降和氧化因子Ox-LDL的升高共同参与内皮的损伤机制，导致NO水平下降，表现为血管舒张功能的下降和弹性下降，MSR的上升和Ox-LDL的下降有利于内皮功能的修复。     

熊去氧胆酸联合非诺贝特治疗PBC患者血清TGF-β、IFN-γ和IL-10水平变化*

目的 探讨熊去氧胆酸(UDCA)联合非诺贝特治疗原发性胆汁性胆管炎(PBC)患者血清转化生长因子-β(TGF-β)、γ-干扰素(IFN-γ)和白介素-10(IL-10)水平的变化。方法 2016年12月～2018年12月我科诊治PBC患者48例,随机将患者分为观察组(n=24)和对照组(n=24)。给予对照组患者UDCA治疗半年,给予观察组UDCA联合非诺贝特口服治疗半年。采用ELISA法检测血清TGF-β、IFN-γ和IL-10水平。使用FibroTouch行肝脏硬度测定(liver stiffness measurement, LSM)。结果 在治疗观察结束时,观察组血清谷丙转氨酶水平为(51.4±23.7)U/L,显著低于对照组【(74.9±21.2)U/L,P<0.05】,谷草转氨酶为(59.5±32.3)U/L,显著低于对照组【(81.3±35.8)U/L,P<0.05】,谷氨酰转肽酶水平为(95.7±31.8)U/L,显著低于对照组【(127.3±50.7)U/L,P<0.05】;观察组血清IFN-γ水平为(57.4±21.3)pg/mL,显著高于对照组【(39.7±23.7)pg/mL,P<0.05】,而血清TGF-β水平为(14.3±4.8)pg/mL,显著低于对照组【(23.6±3.5)pg/mL,P<0.05】;观察组血清免疫球蛋M(IgM)为(2.3±0.4)g/L,显著低于对照组【(3.1±0.9)g/L,P<0.05】, IgG水平为(11.3±1.8)g/L,显著低于对照组【(15.5±1.3)g/L,P<0.05】,IgA水平为(2.7±0.6)g/L,显著低于对照组【(3.5±0.2)g/L,P<0.05】;观察组患者LSM为(10.8±6.5)kPa,与对照组的(9.7±7.7)kPa比,无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论 熊去氧胆酸联合非诺贝特联合治疗PBC患者可以明显改善血生化指标,可能与抑制了免疫球蛋白水平和提高了血清IFN-γ水平有关,其治疗的远期疗效还有待于观察。     

非诺贝特对兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解氧化型低密度脂蛋白及CD36表达的影响

为了解非诺贝特对高胆固醇血症兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解氧化型低密度脂蛋白的影响并探讨其可能机制 ,将 10只新西兰大白兔给予高胆固醇饲料饲养 8周后 ,随机分为高胆固醇组和非诺贝特治疗组 ,非诺贝特组在饲以高胆固醇饲料的基础上给予非诺贝特 (每天 30mg kg) ,共 4周。另设普通饮食对照组 5只。实验结束后 ,取皮下脂肪组织行脂肪细胞培养 ,放射配基法测定脂肪细胞对氧化型低密度脂蛋白的摄取及降解 ,半定量逆转录—聚合酶链反应测定脂肪细胞CD36及过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γmRNA的表达。结果发现 ,3组兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白均呈现一浓度依赖性饱和型曲线 ,高胆固醇组脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白明显低于对照组 ;非诺贝特组脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白高于高胆固醇组 ,但仍低于对照组 ,3组间比较差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 )。逆转录聚合酶链反应发现 ,高胆固醇组过氧化体增殖物激活型受体γ及CD36mRNA表达降低 ,非诺贝特组CD36mRNA表达与对照组相似。以上提示 ,非诺贝特能改善高胆固醇血症兔脂肪细胞摄取及降解1 2 5Ⅰ 氧化型低密度脂蛋白 ,并上调CD36mRNA的表达。     

混悬液上药法制备非诺贝特微丸的处方研究

目的:采用流化床混悬液上药法制备非诺贝特速释微丸。方法:以上药效率、脆碎度、粘连率为评价指标,考察并优化混悬液上药法制备非诺贝特速释微丸的处方。结果:确定FNBT/HPMC-E5/SDS=160∶20∶1.6为最佳配比处方,选定固含量为20%,上药效率为95%,溶出度为15 min达90%。结论:流化床混悬液上药法制备非诺贝特微丸,上药效率高,方法简便可靠,溶出迅速。     

C反应蛋白诱导外周血内皮祖细胞衰老及非诺贝特的保护作用

目的研究非诺贝特对C反应蛋白诱导的外周血内皮祖细胞衰老的影响及可能机制。方法随机将分离培养的内皮祖细胞分为4组:①对照组;②C反应蛋白各浓度组(1.0、2.5、5.0 mg/L);③C反应蛋白(5.0 mg/L)+非诺贝特(10.0μmol/L)组;④非诺贝特组(10.0μmol/L)。加入不同浓度的C反应蛋白干预,或预先加入非诺贝特作用4 h,再加入5 mg/L C反应蛋白,培养7天后行SA-β-半乳糖苷酶染色,检测细胞衰老并计数每组衰老细胞数。逆转录-聚合酶链反应检测人端粒酶逆转录酶mRNA表达。免疫印迹杂交法半定量测定内皮型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达。结果 (1)不同浓度的C反应蛋白与内皮祖细胞培养后,C反应蛋白促进内皮祖细胞的衰老,且C反应蛋白对内皮祖细胞衰老的影响随着C反应蛋白浓度的增加而增加,5 mg/L C反应蛋白组对内皮祖细胞衰老的影响最显著(P<0.01)。加入10μmol/L非诺贝特后能减少C反应蛋白诱导的衰老细胞数量(P<0.01)。(2)C反应蛋白作用内皮祖细胞后人端粒酶逆转录酶mRNA表达随着C反应蛋白作用浓度的增加而下降,加入非诺贝特10μmol/L后可以明显逆转C反应蛋白诱导的人端粒酶逆转录酶mRNA表达下调(P<0.01)。(3)C反应蛋白抑制内皮型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达,但在加入10μmol/L非诺贝特后能明显上调内皮型一氧化氮合酶蛋白表达(P<0.01)。结论 (1)C反应蛋白削弱内皮祖细胞的内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达,引起人端粒酶逆转录酶的逆转录下降,从而使端粒酶活性下降,最后加速内皮祖细胞的衰老,从而影响内皮祖细胞的功能。(2)非诺贝特活化人端粒酶逆转录酶,抑制C反应蛋白诱导的细胞衰老,可能与内皮型一氧化氮合酶表达上调有关,从而起到保护内皮祖细胞的作用。     

Exploring the feasibility of the use of biopolymers as a carrier in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions – Part I: Gelatin

Biopolymers have rarely been used so far as carriers in the formulation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) to overcome poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). In an attempt to enlarge our knowledge on this topic, gelatin, type 50PS was selected. A screening study was initiated in which twelve structurally different poorly soluble biopharmaceutical classification system (BCS) Class II drugs (carbamazepine, cinnarizine, diazepam, itraconazole, nifedipine, indomethacin, darunavir (ethanolate), ritonavir, fenofibrate, griseofulvin, ketoconazole and naproxen) were selected for evaluation. Solid dispersions of five different drug loadings of these twelve compounds were prepared by lyophilization and evaluated for their solid state properties by mDSC and XR(P)D, and in vitro dissolution performance. Even without any process optimization it was possible to form either fully amorphous or partially amorphous systems, depending on the API and API to carrier ratio. Hence in this respect, gelatin 50PS behaves as any other carrier. Dissolution of the API from the solid dispersions significantly exceeded that of their crystalline counterparts. This study shows the potential of gelatin as a carrier to formulate amorphous solid dispersions.     

GC测定非诺贝特制剂中十二烷基硫酸钠含量

目的 建立非诺贝特制剂中十二烷基硫酸钠的GC测定方法。方法 采用HP-5（30 m×0.53 mm,2.65 μm）毛细管柱,以氮气为载气,氢火焰离子化检测器,程序升温,直接进样,以十二烷醇为对照品外标法测定十二烷基硫酸钠的含量。结果 十二烷醇在0.165~1.32 mg·mL^-1内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数为0.999 5。国内企业产品的十二烷基硫酸钠用量远低于安全用量,但部分国内企业可能存在过量添加和非法添加的问题。结论 本方法准确,专属性强,可作为非诺贝特制剂中十二烷基硫酸钠的检测方法。     

Optimization and evaluation of lyophilized fenofibrate nanoparticles with enhanced oral bioavailability and efficacy

Abstract

The objective of this study was to enhance physiochemical properties as well as oral bioavailability of the poorly water soluble drug fenofibrate (FB), through preparation of amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs). ASDs were prepared via freeze drying using polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 and poloxamer 188 as hydrophilic carriers. Formulations were optimized by 3² full factorial design (FFD) with PVP-K30 level (X₁) and poloxamer 188 level (X₂) as independent variables and particle size (Y₁), zeta potential (Y₂), drug content (Y₃) and dissolution rate (T90, [Y₄]) as dependent variables. Optimized FB nanoparticles were physicochemically evaluated and formulated into lyophilized sublingual tablets. Pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics and histological finding of optimized formulation were performed on rabbits. Y₁ and Y₄ were significantly affected by independent variables while Y₂ and Y₃ were not affected. Physicochemical characterization showed the drug was in amorphous state, nanometer range and pharmacophore of FB was preserved. Administration of optimized FB tablets to rabbits with fatty liver led to significant reduction (p?<?0.001) in serum lipids. Moreover, histological analysis of liver specimens confirmed the improved efficacy in animals with fatty liver. In this study, we confirmed that ASDs of FB had beneficial effects on managing fatty liver and serum lipids level in hyperlipidemic rabbits.     

Inclusion of fenofibrate in a series of mesoporous silicas using microwave irradiation

A selection of porous silicas were combined with a model drug using a recently developed, controlled microwave heating process to determine if the application of microwave irradiation could enhance subsequent drug release. Five mesoporous silica types were investigated (core shell, core shell rehydrox, SBA-15, silica gel, SYLOID®) and, for comparison, one non-porous silica (stober). These were formulated using a tailored microwave heating method at drug/excipient ratios of 1:1, 1:3 and 1:5. In addition, all experiments were performed both in the presence and absence of water, used as a fluidising media to aid interaction between drug and support, and compared with results obtained using more traditional heating methods. All formulations were then characterised using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transformation infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Pharmaceutical performance was investigated using in vitro drug release studies. A significant enhancement in the release profile of fenofibrate was observed for formulations prepared using microwave heating in the absence of water for five of the six silica based formulations. Of all the formulations analysed, the greatest extent of drug release within the experimental 30 min was the 1:5 core shell rehydrox achieving a total of 86.6 ± 2.8%. The non-porous (stober) particles did not exhibit an increased release of the drug under any experimental conditions studied. This anomaly is thought to be a result of the comparatively small surface area of the silica particles, thus preventing the adsorption of drug molecules.