光棒引导气管插管在鼾症患儿麻醉中的应用价值

目的:探讨光棒引导气管插管在睡眠呼吸暂停综合征(obstructive sleep apnea syndrome,OSAS)患儿的临床应用,比较其与普通喉镜的插管效果和安全性。方法:选择2~9岁择期行扁桃体切除术和(或)腺样体吸割术的OSAS患儿40例,ASA分级Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,随机分为光棒组(L组,n=20)和喉镜组(C组,n=20)。分别比较患儿入室后(T_1),诱导后(T_2),插管后1min(T_3)、3min(T_4)、5min(T_5)的心率(HR)、平均动脉压(MAP)和脉搏氧饱和度(SpO_2)变化,记录插管时间、一次插管成功率、口腔黏膜和牙齿损伤并发症的发生情况。结果:L组插管时间明显低于C组(P0.05)。L组的一次插管成功率明显高于C组(100%vs 90%)(P0.05)。插管后1min L组HR显著低于C组(P0.05)。C组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。C组插管后1min、3min、5min的HR较诱导后明显增高(P0.05)。L组插管后1min的MAP较诱导后有增高趋势,但无统计学差异,其HR在插管后1min、3min较诱导后显著增高(P0.05)。口腔黏膜损伤仅C组出现1例。结论:与普通喉镜相比,光棒插管具有成功率高、插管时间短、口腔黏膜损伤小、对血流动力学影响较轻的优点,可以安全用于鼾症患儿气管插管。     

Nod样受体蛋白3炎性体抑制剂格列苯脲对机械通气致小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用

目的 探究Nod样受体蛋白3(Nod-like receptor protein-3,NLRP3)炎性体抑制剂格列苯脲对机械通气导致的小鼠急性肺损伤是否具有保护作用. 方法 28只7～9周的清洁级ICR雄性小鼠,按完全随机分组法分为4组:对照组(CON组,6只)、格列苯脲组(GLY组,6只)、机械通气组(VEN组,8只)和格列苯脲+机械通气组(GLY+VEN组,8只).VEN组和GLY+VEN组机械通气4h后与CON组及GLY组麻醉插管后4h测定肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量及炎性细胞数量,测量肺组织湿/干重比(wet/dry,W/D),观察肺组织病理学改变,ELISA法检测肺组织IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α的含量. 结果 VEN组肺泡灌洗液中蛋白浓度和细胞数量[(0.534±0.104) g/L和(3.4±0.7)×105/ml]比CON组[(0.167±0.021) g/L和(1.9±0.5) ×105/ml]升高(P＜0.01);GLY+VEN组肺泡灌洗液中蛋白浓度和细胞数量[(0.425±0.083) g/L和(2.4±0.6) ×105/ml]比VEN组下降(P＜0.05).VEN组肺组织W/D(5.1±0.5)与CON组(4.4±0.4)比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),GLY +VEN组肺组织W/D(4.7±0.4)与VEN组比较,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).VEN组和GLY+VEN组肺组织中IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α蛋白表达与CON组比较,明显升高(P＜0.05),GLY+VEN组IL-1β和IL-6表达与VEN组比较,表达明显降低(P＜0.05).结论 机械通气前给予格列苯脲可有效减少小鼠肺组织炎症细胞聚集,减轻肺水肿,机制可能与其抑制炎性体的激活有关.     

肺保护性通气降低高原地区全麻患者肺损伤的临床分析

目的:探讨肺保护性通气降低高原患者围术期机械通气相关肺损伤的风险。方法:择期行全麻手术的高原地区患者120例,年龄21~49岁,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,BMI 18~24 kg/m^2,随机分为肺保护性通气组(PV组)和常规通气组(CV组),每组60例。CV组为潮气量10 mL/kg,术中无呼气末正压(positive end-expiratory pressure,PEEP)和肺复张,通气频率12次/min,吸呼比1∶2;PV组为潮气量6 mL/kg,通气频率12次/min,吸呼比1∶2,PEEP 6 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=98.0665 Pa),每30 min进行一次肺复张。分别于麻醉诱导插管后5 min(T1)、机械通气后1 h(T2)、术毕拔管前(T3)记录气道峰压(Ppeak),计算肺顺应性[Cdyn=VT/(Ppeak-Peep)]、肺氧合指数(OI=PaO2/FiO2)、肺泡-动脉血氧分压差(A-aDO2)、氧合指数(PaO2/FiO2),并记录患者的平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、血氧饱和度(SpO2)。结果:PV组T2、T3时Cdyn、OI明显升高(P<0.05),A-aDO2明显降低(P<0.05),2组的MAP、HR、SpO2变化无统计学意义,2组各个时点PaO2和PaCO2差异无统计学意义,PV组T3的Qs/Qt值明显低于CV组(P<0.05)。结论:肺保护性通气能降低高原患者围术期机械通气相关肺损伤的风险。     

4％和8％七氟醚复合不同氧流量麻醉诱导在患儿气管插管中的比较

目的 比较4％和8％七氟醚复合不同氧流量麻醉诱导在患儿气管插管中的应用效果,同时用Gas Man(ver.4.1)软件模拟吸入诱导2min内患儿脑内七氟醚浓度的变化.方法 择期泌尿外科手术患儿80例,年龄1～6岁,均行全凭七氟醚吸入诱导后插管,患儿随机均分为四组,其中S4F4组和S4F8组吸入4％七氟醚,S8F4组和S8F8组吸入8％七氟醚,S4F4组和S8F4组氧流量为4 L/min,S4F8组和S8F8组氧流量为8 L/min.记录插管时间、插管评分、插管前呼气末七氟醚浓度.运用Gas Man软件计算吸入诱导后30、60、90、120 s时脑内七氟醚浓度.结果 所有患儿均一次插管成功.S4F4组和S4F8组插管时间明显长于S8F4组和S8F8组(P＜0.05).诱导后30、60、90、120 s,S8F4组和S8F8组脑内七氟醚浓度明显高于S4F4组和S4F8组(P＜0.05).结论 8％七氟醚诱导速度明显快于4％七氟醚,而氧流量对于诱导速度无明显影响,这与Gas Man软件模拟出的脑内七氟醚浓度是一致的.     

深低温停循环围手术期的高血糖监测及控制

目的 观察深低温停循环(DHCA)围手术期患者血糖的变化趋势,评价血糖升高的各种影响因素以及应用胰岛素控制高血糖的临床效果.方法 选择2000年1月至2010年1月长海医院胸心外科176例应用DHCA技术实施主动脉手术患者.在体外循环(CPB)前、DHCA前、DHCA后、术后进入重症监护病房(ICU)后检测血糖、动脉血气和乳酸.采用间断皮下注射或持续静脉微泵注射胰岛素的方式控制术后血糖在6～8 mmol/L,同时统计术后24 h内的胰岛素累积用量.结果 DHCA前血糖(mmol/L)较CPB前明显升高(9.62±1.79比5.04±1.40,P<0.05),DHCA后血糖(14.91±2.36)进一步升高(P<0.01),进入ICU后血糖(15.32±2.47)仍持续升高(P<0.01),且血糖升高水平与血乳酸升高水平呈明显正相关;134例患者(占76.1%)术后因间断皮下注射胰岛素控制血糖效果不佳而改用持续静脉微泵注射胰岛素,其中30例患者(占17.0%)有明显的胰岛素抵抗现象;高龄(≥50岁),合并原发性高血压、主动脉瓣中-重度病变、糖尿病或严重冠心病病史,急诊手术,CPB时间≥3 h及DHCA时间≥45 min等影响因素会明显加重DHCA围手术期高血糖,且术后24 h内胰岛素累积用量明显增加.入ICU后血糖(mmol/L)在年龄≥50岁和<50岁(18.66±2.52比12.90±2.27)、有无原发性高血压(18.98±2.55比12.31±2.34)、有无主动脉瓣中-重度病变(19.59±2.95比12.13±2.23)、有无糖尿病(20.62±1.76比11.75±1.11)、有无冠心病(19.77±2.98比12.01±2.02)、有无急诊手术(19.78±1.97比12.23±1.38)、CPB时间≥3 h和<3 h(19.86±1.89比11.70±1.15)、DHCA时间≥45 min和<45 min(19.92±1.88比11.64±1.12)等因素间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05);术后24 h内胰岛素累积用量(U)在年龄≥50岁和<50岁(169.5±56.6比110.2±38.5)、有无原发性高血压(171.6±64.0比104.8±34.3)、有无主动脉瓣中-重度病变(171.4±36.8比109.4±27.6)、有无糖尿病(202.5±46.7比100.4±31.5)、有无冠心病(178.5±38.6比104.6±26.4)、有无急诊手术(178.3±35.7比102.7±26.8)、CPB时间≥3 h和<3 h(168.6±37.2比107.3±27.5)、DHCA时间≥45 min和<45 min(172.5±36.1比105.4±28.7)等因素间差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05).结论 DHCA 可引起围手术期明显的血糖和乳酸升高,甚至导致胰岛素抵抗,术后常需持续静脉应用大剂量胰岛素;DHCA 围手术期高血糖与诸多影响因素有关,在临床控制血糖的过程中应综合考虑.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the trend of change in perioperative blood glucose level in patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest(DHCA),in order to evaluate the influencing factors of inciting hyperglycemia and the clinical effects of insulin control.Methods In the Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery of Changhai Hospital,176 patients underwent aortic operation under DHCA from January 2000 to January 2010.Blood glucose,arterial blood gas and lactate levels were determined at four time points,including pre-cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB),pre-DHCA,post-DHCA,and at admission to intensive care unit(ICU).Hyperglycemia after surgery was controlled at the level of 6-8 mmol/L by intermittent subcutaneous injection or intravenous micropump injection of insulin.At the same time,the cumulative amount of insulin within 24 hours after surgery was recorded.Results The blood glucose (mmol/L)level at pre-DHCA time point was significantly higher than that of pre-CPB(9.62±1.79 vs.5.04±1.401,P<0.05),and the blood glucose level was further elevated at the time point of post-DHCA (14.91±2.36,P<0.01)and in-ICU(15.32±2.47)compared with that of pre-CPB(P<0.01).The level of blood glucose elevation was positively correlated with blood lactate level.One hundred and thirty-four patients(76.1%)insulin was given with intravenous micropump due to poor effect of intermittent subcutaneous injection of insulin in controlling blood glucose.Among whom 30 patients(17.0%)developed the phenomenon of insulin resistance.Perioperative hyperglycemia during DHCA was associated with old age (≥50 years old),primary hypertension,serious aortic valve disease,diabetes or coronary heart disease,emergency operation,CPB time≥3 hours and DHCA time≥45 minutes.The cumulative amount of insulin within 24 hours after surgery was increased significantly.The results of blood glucose(mmol/L)in-ICU were as follows:age≥50 years old or<50 years old(18.66±2.52 vs.12.90±2.27);hypertension with and without(18.98±2.55 vs.12.31±2.34);serious aortic valve disease with and without(19.59±2.95vs.12.13±2.23); diabetes with and without(20.62±1.76 vs.11.75±1.11); coronary heart disease with and without(19.77±2.98 vs.12.01±2.02); emergency operation with and without(19.78±1.97 vs.12.23±1.38);CPB time≥3 hours or<3 hours(19.86±1.89 vs.11.70±1.15);DHCA time≥45 minutes or<45 minutes(19.92±1.88 vs.11.64±1.12),and all of them should statistical difference(all P<0.05).The cumulative amount of insulin(U)within 24 hours after surgery was as follows:age≥50 years old or<50 years old(169.5±56.6 vs.110.2±38.5);hypertension with and without(171.6±64.0 vs.104.8±34.3);aortic valve disease with and without(171.4±36.8 vs.109.4±27.6);diabetes with and without(202.5±46.7 vs.100.4±31.5);coronary heart disease with and without(178.5±38.6 vs.104.6±26.4);emergency operation with and without(178.3±35.7 vs.102.7±26.8);CPB time≥3 hours or<3 hours(168.6±37.2 vs.107.3±27.5);DHCA time≥45 minutes or<45 minutes(172.5±36.1 vs.105.4±28.7),and all of them showed significant statistical difference(all P<0.05).and all of them showed significant statistical difference(all P<0.05).Conclusion DHCA may cause significant increase in perioperative blood glucose and lactate,and even may lead to insulin resistance.Patients often require continuous intravenous administration of large doses of insulin.Perioperative hyperglycemia during DHCA is related to many factors,which should be considered in control of blood glucose.