Measurement of blood loss at childbirth and postpartum.

OBJECTIVE: To accurately measure blood loss during childbirth in a developing country. METHOD: The alkaline hematin technique was used to quantify blood lost during delivery and 24 h postpartum in 158 women in Pemba Island, Zanzibar. RESULT: Women were found to lose less blood during childbirth and 24 h postpartum than previously reported. Compared with laboratory values, nurse-midwives approximated blood loss accurately (mean difference, i.e., mean underestimation by nurse-midwives, 4.90 mL); however, their imprecision was greater for higher laboratory values. CONCLUSION: This study may prompt further investigation, as no comparable data exist for developing countries where maternal mortality is high and severe anemia prevalent.     

社区人群空腹血糖受损对估算肾小球滤过率的影响研究

背景 估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)是反映慢性肾脏病严重程度的量化指标之一。研究表明糖尿病前期血糖升高可增加慢性肾脏病风险,但对eGFR直接影响报道较少。目的 探讨社区人群中空腹血糖(FPG)受损患者血糖水平对eGFR的影响。方法 选择2020年1—12月于南昌大学第二附属医院体检中心体检的人群,收集一般资料与临床资料(包括既往史、性别、年龄、体质指数、血压、尿酸、血脂、FPG、尿常规、血肌酐),经相应纳入标准与排除标准筛选,最终纳入28 601例受试者。根据FPG水平将受试者分为FPG升高组(5.6 mmol/L≤FPG<7.0mmol/L)、FPG正常组(3.9 mmol/L≤FPG<5.6 mmol/L),比较两组一般资料与临床资料。为明确FPG对e GFR影响,采用个案匹配控制对两组受试者进行多因素(性别、年龄、平均动脉压、尿酸、总胆固醇、体质指数)匹配,采用Mann-Whitney U秩和检验比较匹配后两组一般资料。采用Spearman秩相关检验分析FPG与eGFR在FPG升高组、FPG正常组及匹配后FPG升高组、FPG正常组间的相关性。结果 共获得FPG正常组患者...     

根据孕妇参数预测胎儿体重的神经网络方法

本文采用反向传播神经网络算法,根据孕妇身高、体重、宫高及腹围预测胎儿体重。建立了一个预测胎儿体重的网络模型,讨论了确定网络拓扑结构的方法。采用该方法预测了１４０例胎儿体重,预测符合率高达８５％,相对误≤１０％者占预测总数的９４．２８％。采用神经网络分析输入对于输出的贡献的结果表明孕妇宫高对于胎儿体重影响最大。     

网络规模迭加法开展人群规模估计的研究进展

网络规模迭加法是一种在社会网络理论基础上建立的间接估计人群规模的方法,由于不需要接触目标人群,在估计隐藏人群规模时得到了广泛应用。该方法也在不断发展进步中,本文从传统的网络规模迭加法及其进展及与新的调查技术结合三个方面进行综述,旨在为该方法的进一步应用提供参考。     

山东省艾滋病高危人群规模估计及疫情预测

[目的]估计山东省艾滋病各类高危人群的规模，预测艾滋病病毒（HIV）感染者人数，为艾滋病防治工作提供依据。[方法]依据山东省艾滋病病例报告、哨点监测、艾滋病专题调查等获得的数据，参考有关资料，运用Workbook估计法，估计山东省各市艾滋病高危人群基数，预测艾滋病疫情。[结果]估计山东省现有HIV高危险人群1023770～1864181人；预测山东省现有艾滋病感染者7077人。[结论]山东省目前仍处于艾滋病低流行状态，但流行形势并不乐观。     

On-Line Computer Scoring of the Auditory Brainstem Response for Estimation of Hearing Threshold

Auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) to click stimuli have become established as a useful indicator of hearing thresholds in infants and young children. Although the investigation is objective in so far as the patient is concerned, a subjective element remains in the decision by the operator as to whether or not an ABR is present in an averaged waveform. A simple on-line computer detection technique is described which removes some of the reliance placed upon the operator. The technique employs a scanning window for correlation and amplitude analysis of pairs of averaged ABR waveforms.

The reliability and accuracy of computer and operator scoring of 25 thresholds in normally hearing adults and 50 thresholds in infants and young children with suspected hearing impairment have been investigated. In the adult group, 96% of computer estimates of the threshold were within ± 10 dB of the subjective hearing threshold, compared with 92% for operator scoring. There were 92% of computer and operator scores within ± 10 dB of each other. In the patient group there was equally good agreement between computer and operator scoring with 90% of the thresholds within ± 10 dB of each other; the incidence of possible false-positive thresholds was also lower with computer scoring.

This on-line scoring technique, therefore, offers useful assistance to the operator; requires only limited computing power, and is suitable for use in a routine clinical environment.     

Underutilisation of breast cancer prevention medication in Australia

Increased implementation of proven prevention strategies is required to combat rising breast cancer incidence. We assessed use of risk reducing medication (RRMed) by Australian women at elevated breast cancer risk. Only 2.4% had ever used RRMed. Higher breast cancer risk was statistically significantly associated with use of RRMed (OR 1.82, 95%CI: 1.08–3.07, p = 0.02 for ≥30% lifetime risk compared with 16%–29% lifetime risk), but parity, education level and family history of breast cancer were not. Breast cancer prevention medications are underutilised. Efforts are needed to incorporate breast cancer risk assessment and risk management discussions into routine health assessments for women.     

疫情防控策略优化后上海市新型冠状病毒感染疫情的预测和估计

目的量化预测在不同场景下上海市新型冠状病毒(新冠病毒)感染疫情的发展规模和医疗卫生资源需求, 模拟评估新冠病毒疫苗接种情况、非药物干预措施(NPIs)、居家隔离意愿和入境情况等因素对新冠病毒感染疫情发展规模的影响。方法基于新冠病毒的自然史、上海市新冠病毒疫苗接种情况和NPIs情况构建具有年龄结构的SEIR传染病动力学模型(SEIR模型), 以2022年12月1日作为模型模拟起点的当日实际情况, 对疫情发展规模和床位需求情况进行模拟估计。结果上海市在新冠病毒疫苗接种的实际情况下, 100 d的模拟期内累计有住院需求的感染人数为18.02万。相比于新冠病毒疫苗接种的实际情况, 当人群加强针接种率达到理想情况时, 累计有住院需求的感染人数下降73.20%, 与不实施NPIs相比, 仅关闭学校、关闭学校和工作场所的措施对普通床位需求数的峰值分别降低24.04%、37.73%, 感染者居家隔离意愿的提高可降低每日新增感染人数并推迟峰值出现时间, 入境人数的变化对于疫情发展规模的影响较小。结论上海市在新冠病毒感染的流行特征和新冠病毒疫苗接种的实际情况下, 可通过提高新冠病毒疫苗接种率、尽早实施NP...